https://alejandrosgarrido.net alejandrosgarrido Tue, 16 Jun 2026 15:32:13 +0000 https://alejandrosgarrido.net en https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Home Thu, 10 Mar 2022 18:09:02 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Home https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Southbound Mon, 18 May 2026 08:37:07 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Southbound READ IN ENGLISH ︎︎︎ FICHA TÉCNICA ABAJO ︎︎︎ SouthboundLONDRES, 2025–26 <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c27e4d3b65640f308d1a0c1f397e2a925e13ac2ab6e047b9d1f31073fae5c317/01-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248423571" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c27e4d3b65640f308d1a0c1f397e2a925e13ac2ab6e047b9d1f31073fae5c317/01-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f391a6997aaa87838836dd3995f55979e3440e612e916b06bec33673918521e7/03-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248424563" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f391a6997aaa87838836dd3995f55979e3440e612e916b06bec33673918521e7/03-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/53b1afb708cbb169c530928e6dd88a220440eabecd07c0f35fa3474cd83ff7a2/07-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248424624" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/53b1afb708cbb169c530928e6dd88a220440eabecd07c0f35fa3474cd83ff7a2/07-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/131de63159b763aee921594d4c92b39769aaf901c7bfc4199e8779a3df7ff3c3/30-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248424632" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/131de63159b763aee921594d4c92b39769aaf901c7bfc4199e8779a3df7ff3c3/30-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7782f1cf945960bc44eb490823e42f5e126082159cbde4d30ae6e4f3f536258e/18-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248424625" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7782f1cf945960bc44eb490823e42f5e126082159cbde4d30ae6e4f3f536258e/18-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/af076b24f177542b4cf04c7e78ca517b6915cca6b84cd07725d771371f1597ee/26-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248424626" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/af076b24f177542b4cf04c7e78ca517b6915cca6b84cd07725d771371f1597ee/26-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ad60cd67e362de5c70b2d04133f429c0d60796cc978caaf23fb5eb9635b92910/40-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248424644" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ad60cd67e362de5c70b2d04133f429c0d60796cc978caaf23fb5eb9635b92910/40-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/59dd4284ce31694a23e2d0d7d5500b8bb1bdc5f853ca4e2129d90de91462c2cd/31-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248424648" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/59dd4284ce31694a23e2d0d7d5500b8bb1bdc5f853ca4e2129d90de91462c2cd/31-Southbound--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> Sinópsis Southbound constituye la tercera entrega de un ciclo de trabajos dedicados a examinar las transformaciones urbanas de Londres, iniciado con City of London (2019) y The Platform (2021). Si aquellos proyectos se centraban en los espacios emblemáticos del poder financiero y los nuevos desarrollos destinados a la élite global, esta serie desplaza el foco hacia territorios que quedan al margen de las narrativas de progreso urbano.El proyecto se detiene en paisajes definidos por su condición periférica: antiguos desarrollos de vivienda pública, infraestructuras degradadas o áreas marcadas por una desinversión crónica. Se trata de espacios sometidos a intensas presiones económicas, sociales e ideológicas que configuran un territorio fragmentado y revelan las tensiones inherentes al actual modelo de producción urbana. Lejos de entender estas geografías como anomalías o fallos del sistema, Southbound propone leerlas como manifestaciones estructurales del urbanismo neoliberal. En este sentido, las imágenes no solo registran un estado del paisaje, sino que invitan a reconsiderar críticamente las narrativas de éxito y prosperidad que articulan la representación dominante de la ciudad.El proyecto parte de los datos recabados por la Office for National Statistics (ONS) en el último censo de 2021. El trabajo de la ONS retrata con precisión la situación de los hogares a nivel nacional y constituye una herramienta fundamental tanto para el estudio de los cambios sociales y&nbsp;económicos como para la planificación y financiación de servicios públicos. Entre sus materiales se encuentra una serie de mapas que recogen los índices de privación (deprivation) en los barrios de Inglaterra. A partir de esta cartografía, la serie aborda los lugares con mayor concentración de privación en los distritos del área interior de Londres (Inner London). Continúa leyendo …Descarga el artículo completo aquí https://alejandrosgarrido.net/File-Under-Bridges-Wells-Fish-Farms Tue, 09 Dec 2025 11:30:17 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/File-Under-Bridges-Wells-Fish-Farms LEER EN CASTELLANO ︎︎︎ File Under: Bridges; Wells; Fish FarmsDOCUMENTATION OF SPANISH HYDROLOGICAL HERITAGECommissioned by the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge.SPAIN, 2025 <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5dbb4d8c4c8c35f7617d3c74256594df825c8f1a2cb841386934887498c3a8d1/Puente-Ariza--Ubeda--Jaen--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248424964" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5dbb4d8c4c8c35f7617d3c74256594df825c8f1a2cb841386934887498c3a8d1/Puente-Ariza--Ubeda--Jaen--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1536" height="1024" width_o="1536" height_o="1024" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2e59369e47a5b56f102abfa99efbacfea126dc572a867f08fd0453daaee91490/Motilla-del-Azuer--Daimiel--Ciudad-Real--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248662422" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2e59369e47a5b56f102abfa99efbacfea126dc572a867f08fd0453daaee91490/Motilla-del-Azuer--Daimiel--Ciudad-Real--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1536" height="1024" width_o="1536" height_o="1024" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/94eb86afe8195cad0e3f053ce8e5ef5cf34a8c653a631abcab35b03dd639baee/Puente-Nuevo--Ronda--Malaga--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248662418" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/94eb86afe8195cad0e3f053ce8e5ef5cf34a8c653a631abcab35b03dd639baee/Puente-Nuevo--Ronda--Malaga--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f941e97b4eb60cd9e0a87f9ccd2ec8955da576fc8dba86a1bfcabd47b931be61/Illeta-dels-Banyets--El-Campello--Alicante--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248662420" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f941e97b4eb60cd9e0a87f9ccd2ec8955da576fc8dba86a1bfcabd47b931be61/Illeta-dels-Banyets--El-Campello--Alicante--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1536" height="1024" width_o="1536" height_o="1024" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/415086d362d1efbc956a1499e4a851b206eb967ca43fe8d063551b4ae96573d4/Puente-Romano--Alcantara--Caceres--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="248662419" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/415086d362d1efbc956a1499e4a851b206eb967ca43fe8d063551b4ae96573d4/Puente-Romano--Alcantara--Caceres--Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> Coming soon... https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Trafalgar-Square Tue, 05 Mar 2024 11:13:31 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Trafalgar-Square Trafalgar Square( London ) – 2023 / 24 <img width="1772" height="1181" width_o="1772" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/844f5b1ae7575c3f25ee93cd78f381a1951ef0576ec99c0fd1a9c1b480d12ebe/DSCF3073.jpg" data-mid="206183501" border="0" data-scale="82" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/844f5b1ae7575c3f25ee93cd78f381a1951ef0576ec99c0fd1a9c1b480d12ebe/DSCF3073.jpg" /> Desde su inauguración en 1844, Trafalgar Square ha servido como el corazón simbólico de la nación británica. Situada en las proximidades de las Casas del Parlamento y el Palacio de Buckingham, la plaza se integra en un paisaje diseñado a la medida del poder oficial, actuando como un dispositivo que valida y perpetúa a la élite gobernante. Dominada por la imponente columna dedicada al Almirante Horatio Nelson, la plaza está impregnada de iconografía imperial. En ella están presentes estatuas que honran a figuras militares clave en la expansión y consolidación del orden imperial británico durante el reinado de la Reina Victoria. Sir Charles James Napier, por ejemplo, que en 1843 lideró la conquista de Sindh, en la actual Pakistán, y llegaría a ocupar el puesto de Comandante en Jefe en la India Británica, o Sir Henry Havelock, quien es recordado por reprimir la sublevación india de 1857 y recapturar Cawnpore. A pesar de su asociación con el poder y la autoridad, la plaza de Trafalgar también ha sido un lugar de disidencia y protesta contra las narrativas oficiales. En ella se congregaban regularmente el movimiento obrero y las sufragistas, a pesar de que hasta los disturbios del "Bloody Sunday" de 1887, la autoridad policial prohibía el derecho de reunión en la plaza con el objetivo de evitar la presencia de manifestantes en las inmediaciones de los centros de poder o de los clubes de la clase media en el West-End. Trafalgar Square sirvió como punto de encuentro y telón de fondo para la Campaña por el Desarme Nuclear en las décadas de 1950 y 1960. Allí se reunieron opositores a las guerras de Vietnam, Afganistán e Irak. Durante la década de 1980, el movimiento anti-apartheid se concentró en la plaza frente a la South Africa House. También acudieron a ella los grupos de oposición al Poll Tax en 1990, acabando políticamente con el thatcherismo. Las protestas contra los recortes en 2011 o, más recientemente, Black Lives Matter, Extinction Rebellion o las marchas por un alto el fuego permanente en Gaza han tenido su epicentro en la plaza. En 1999 la RSA (Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts) decidió destinar el cuarto plinto a la instalación rotativa de proyectos artísticos. Aunque se construyó originalmente para albergar la estatua ecuestre de Guillermo IV, el pedestal había permanecido vacante durante ciento cincuenta años. Esta decisión, liderada por el alcalde laborista Ken Livingstone, marcó un giro en la concepción oficial de la plaza y supuso un intento de renovación simbólica. Muchos de los artistas comisionados vieron en esta propuesta una oportunidad para cuestionar el imaginario marcial y masculino que domina el lugar. La redefinición de la plaza como centro multicultural y reflejo de la apertura de la ciudad fue enfatizada por la corporación municipal al utilizarla como escenario para presentar la candidatura olímpica que llevó a Londres a ser seleccionada para celebrar los Juegos de 2012. Según las palabras de Livingstone, Londres es "una ciudad verdaderamente diversa donde cada atleta o visitante puede sentirse como en casa". Cuando Al-Qaeda atentó contra la ciudad apenas un día después de haber obtenido la candidatura, los medios de comunicación oficiales hicieron hincapié en la diversidad de las personas que acudieron a rendir homenaje a las víctimas en la plaza de Trafalgar. Sin embargo, otros sectores mediáticos hablaban del fracaso del multiculturalismo, señalando la importancia de preservar los valores tradicionalmente británicos, encarnados por el protestantismo, el conservadurismo anti-igualitarista y el respeto a las jerarquías, como el único camino hacia la cohesión social. Entre estas voces destacó la del futuro sucesor de Livingstone y Primer Ministro, Boris Johnson. En su artículo titulado ”Just don't call it war”, publicado en The Spectator el 16 de julio de 2005, Johnson afirmaba que "el Islam es el problema" y argumentaba que la influencia perniciosa del multiculturalismo había envenenado a la sociedad británica. Ante la "paranoica mente islámica" y la "crisis de la identidad nacional", añadía, es necesaria la "rebritanización de Gran Bretaña". Esta caracterización de la plaza y, por ende, de la nación, no ha sido solamente discutida por un lado del espectro ideológico. Quienes la perciben como una idealización, producto del marketing urbano, han argumentado su falta de parecido con la realidad de Londres, donde la diversidad no existe en todas las esferas ni su existencia es siempre ajena al conflicto. Esta visión cosmopolita tampoco concuerda con la realidad del resto de Inglaterra, donde puede llegar a resultar completamente artificial. Por último, otros señalan la vigencia de los símbolos imperiales al observar cómo las estructuras de poder que los sostienen siguen ejerciendo una influencia indiscutible en el espacio y la vida pública, revelando la superficialidad con la que el poder aborda la cuestión de la diversidad de manera interesada. La plaza de Trafalgar, receptáculo de miradas en disputa, es un lugar de grandes contradicciones en el que se enfrentan el legado de un pasado imperial y la aspiración a una sociedad multicultural e igualitaria, un lugar ambivalente que refleja con fidelidad la encrucijada actual de la sociedad británica. <img width="1429" height="957" width_o="1429" height_o="957" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6ff34e1d429829f57b0eb639589c7e741669f0890d76a1dd98a8547041761fa4/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--A2.jpg" data-mid="206058666" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6ff34e1d429829f57b0eb639589c7e741669f0890d76a1dd98a8547041761fa4/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--A2.jpg" /><img width="1429" height="957" width_o="1429" height_o="957" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1e13b679976c57a4dd110a059564873f23a48736a3a67bb9cba28662c4d2897d/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--B2.jpg" data-mid="206058673" border="0" 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height_o="957" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/65dd3420aa221c3eead3bd5b9e3e5d501fda297cdf8f1df9938cae78ff209696/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--A7.jpg" data-mid="206058671" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/65dd3420aa221c3eead3bd5b9e3e5d501fda297cdf8f1df9938cae78ff209696/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--A7.jpg" /><img width="1429" height="957" width_o="1429" height_o="957" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4d1408eec3a3c81892b72c1747bc02a896521a4ae51a9247321e4a0255d8043c/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--B7.jpg" data-mid="206058678" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4d1408eec3a3c81892b72c1747bc02a896521a4ae51a9247321e4a0255d8043c/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--B7.jpg" /><img width="1429" height="957" width_o="1429" height_o="957" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f8fb03b148de0535c19739e0620eaea1612a9c3266f6d0238b9b222f96286928/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--C7.jpg" data-mid="206058686" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f8fb03b148de0535c19739e0620eaea1612a9c3266f6d0238b9b222f96286928/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--C7.jpg" /><img width="1429" height="957" width_o="1429" height_o="957" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b405dbd23ac0740120a514713f9384b170bcae59fc2f2b38b665c8d270dd8665/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--E7.jpg" data-mid="206058701" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b405dbd23ac0740120a514713f9384b170bcae59fc2f2b38b665c8d270dd8665/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--E7.jpg" /><img width="1429" height="957" width_o="1429" height_o="957" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/caffa39c58e6f987620bf4eb959e854384df62b27fe95212d5a869f486e8a8eb/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--D7.jpg" data-mid="206058693" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/caffa39c58e6f987620bf4eb959e854384df62b27fe95212d5a869f486e8a8eb/Alejandro-S.-Garrido--Trafalgar--D7.jpg" /> https://alejandrosgarrido.net/The-Platform Tue, 18 Feb 2020 11:24:06 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/The-Platform The Platform( London ) – 2019 / 21 <img width="1772" height="1181" width_o="1772" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c1744840973e62a2f9d3339b9a09b593a41619fb52fbe892dd8e8c83851aba3d/The-Platform-encabezado.jpeg" data-mid="190732632" border="0" data-scale="94" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c1744840973e62a2f9d3339b9a09b593a41619fb52fbe892dd8e8c83851aba3d/The-Platform-encabezado.jpeg" /> Abstract "The Platform" is an observation of the impact of the economic model on urban growth. The series documents the transformation of the city after the 2008 financial crisis, providing a panoramic view of its current development state through a selection of strategic locations. Although scattered across the map, these places form a single emerging urban system. Perhaps that is why they are particularly revealing when it comes to explaining both the accelerated financialization of the city and the implications that this new mode of growth has on the lives of its inhabitants. The work features a dozen sites that stand on the ruins of the modern city. These locations, such as the Canary Wharf financial center, built on the site of the old port, have continued to expand since Margaret Thatcher's government promoted their construction. Other sites include the neighborhood for young professionals and international students that replaced Elephant and Castle's Heygate Estate,&nbsp;one of the city's largest public housing complexes, demolished after a long period of social and architectural decline; or the iconic Battersea Power Station which has been converted into a luxurious mixed-use, housing Apple's new European headquarters.These sites, born of a process of expulsion and historical erasure, reveal how the new paradigm of urban growth ignores elements that have traditionally united public space. The new metropolis appears as the by-product of finance capital setting their sights on the territory, reduced to a mere production platform. New housing developments, amassed by large investment groups, remain empty for most of the year. Meanwhile, due to the constant increase in housing prices, the population is forced to reside increasingly farther away from the centres of influence. As the urban sociologist Saskia Sassen has stated, the city grows as it empties. Sinopsis La serie The Platform es una observación del impacto del modelo económico en el crecimiento urbano que documenta la transformación de la ciudad después de la crisis financiera de 2008, ofreciendo una vista panorámica de su estado de desarrollo a través de una selección de ubicaciones estratégicas. Aunque dispersos por el mapa, estos lugares forman un único sistema urbano emergente. Quizás por eso resultan especialmente reveladores a la hora de explicar tanto la acelerada financiarización de la ciudad como las implicaciones que este nuevo modo de crecimiento tiene en la vida de sus habitantes.El trabajo recopila una docena de emplazamientos que se levantan sobre las ruinas de la urbe moderna. Lugares como el centro financiero de Canary Wharf que, erigido sobre los terrenos del antiguo puerto, no ha dejado de crecer desde que el gobierno de Margaret Thatcher impulsara su construcción; el barrio para young professionals e international students que sustituyó en Elephant &amp; Castle al Heygate Estate, uno de los conjuntos de vivienda pública más grandes de la ciudad, demolido tras un largo proceso de degradación social y arquitectónica; o la icónica Estación Energética de Battersea, que convertida en un lujoso complejo de uso mixto alberga las nuevas oficinas europeas de Apple.Nacidos de un proceso de expulsión y borrado histórico, estos sitios dan cuenta de cómo el nuevo paradigma de crecimiento urbano se caracteriza por ignorar los elementos que tradicionalmente habían cohesionado el espacio público. Reducida a mera plataforma de extracción, la nueva metrópolis aparece como el subproducto del capital financiero fijándose en el territorio. Los nuevos desarrollos, acumulados por grandes grupos de inversión, permanecen vacíos la mayor parte del año. Mientras, a causa del constante incremento del precio de la vivienda, la población se ve obligada a residir cada vez más lejos de los centros de influencia. Como ha expuesto la socióloga urbana Saskia Sassen 2, la ciudad crece vaciándose. 1. Vauxhall, Nine Elms, Battersea <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/704ffb00b355219f812f3784004813307df2f78ee16a8daacb007f3e8e5ec96b/Vauxhall---Nine-Elms---Battersea-3.jpg" data-mid="137531279" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/704ffb00b355219f812f3784004813307df2f78ee16a8daacb007f3e8e5ec96b/Vauxhall---Nine-Elms---Battersea-3.jpg" /> After decades of neglect and several failed attempts, the strip of land between the Chelsea and Vauxhall bridges is finally being regenerated. The former industrial site covers an area of 227 hectares along the south bank of the Thames, so close to sites such as Victoria Station and Westminster that the journey can be made on foot. It is a privileged location, in which in a few years around 20 major urban developments will be undertaken. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/322d36974a1d34ab594b130b697b9b55f9ef48e4285dfbd3b231f57e3a61a9ae/Vauxhall---Nine-Elms---Battersea-2.jpg" data-mid="137531278" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/322d36974a1d34ab594b130b697b9b55f9ef48e4285dfbd3b231f57e3a61a9ae/Vauxhall---Nine-Elms---Battersea-2.jpg" />In 2008, the announcement of the transfer of the U.S. Embassy to a new building in Nine Elms was the starting signal for the conversion of the area. Shortly afterwards, in 2010, the start of the extension of the Northern Line1 from Kennington to Battersea was an irresistible incentive for large international investors. Around 20,000 new homes have been planned in the area. The councils of Lambeth and Wadsworth have announced that 40% of the housing built by the developers should be affordable. The regulations do not, however, prevent the inhabitants of these houses from being forced to use so-called poor doors, auxiliary entrances designed to segregate the less advantaged residents, or from restricting their access to community services. Neither does the rule prevent affordable housing from being acquired by private investment groups. Agreed reductions in the affordable housing quota in exchange for financial contributions or the construction of infrastructures are also normal. Among the most outstanding developments is Embassy Gardens, a new “diplomatic sector” promoted by the Irish company Ballymore and made up of 1,982 homes (already on the market, starting at £1,000,000), cafes, restaurants, business spaces, a health centre, sports facilities and a hotel with 100 rooms, which boasts an investment of £2.5 billion and the backing of two giants of the stature of Lazard and CBRE Group2. Guangzhou R&amp;F Properties, a Chinese real estate company, will invest £1 billion in the construction of two office buildings and two 52-storey towers with 558 apartments. The largest brick building in Europe, Battersea Power Station, will stand out in a sea of glass that after an investment of £1,583,000,000, will be converted by PNB and EPF, two of the largest investment groups in Malaysia, into a multi-use complex that will include offices, housing and a luxury shopping centre, and where Apple will establish its headquarters. All of this will be linked by a new linear park that will allow visitors and residents to walk along the riverbank from the old station to Tower Bridge. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5fa78b8ea820512876b5057fc19220c8f7197dfcacd60cf0091950b63c62b7d5/Vauxhall---Nine-Elms---Battersea-4.jpg" data-mid="137531280" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5fa78b8ea820512876b5057fc19220c8f7197dfcacd60cf0091950b63c62b7d5/Vauxhall---Nine-Elms---Battersea-4.jpg" /> 1. The Northern Line extension is a project budgeted at £1,000,000,000 that will provide a fast and direct connection to the City and King’s Cross, among other strategic locations. 2. The largest financial management and advisory company and the largest commercial real estate investment and services firm in the world respectively. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5b795b9ad2008115eec869e9ca898719bda4a85299082f1a0ff736bbd23af18e/Vauxhall---Nine-Elms---Battersea-1.jpg" data-mid="137531277" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5b795b9ad2008115eec869e9ca898719bda4a85299082f1a0ff736bbd23af18e/Vauxhall---Nine-Elms---Battersea-1.jpg" /> 2. Elephant &amp; Castle <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0e2c88b4f78253b0b9779b1b581a331a2c4aba0da19d28bcd82222516e4bfa1f/Elephant---Castle-7.jpg" data-mid="137531420" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0e2c88b4f78253b0b9779b1b581a331a2c4aba0da19d28bcd82222516e4bfa1f/Elephant---Castle-7.jpg" /> Despite promises made by the Southwark Council, when the last residents of the Heygate Estate were evicted in March 2010, no alternative housing was available. The brutalist block complex designed by the architect Tim Tinker in 1974 had 1,214 council houses, which despite opposition from a large number of residents calling for their rehabilitation, were demolished in 2013. Little had the residents been able to do against a smear campaign that lasted more than a decade. The costs of compensation paid to homeowners, demolition work and a regeneration project that never got off the ground amounted to £80,000,000. Shortly afterwards, a blunder brought to light that the 9-hectare site had been sold to the Australian company Lend Lease Group for only £50,000,000. In times of recession and cutbacks, the Council’s debt seemed to have become unsustainable. Like Southwark, other councils sold off significant amounts of public land during the years following the 2008 financial recession. Most of the old community of residents was broken up into different areas on the periphery. A few, however, were able to gain access to the one hundred apartments that the Family Mosaic Housing Association1 had acquired and put on offer in Shared-Ownership2 on the ground floors of the new Strata Tower, which since 2010 has outlined the city’s skyline with its three turbines. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8902bfa313dcf6966cf028685456a530b512c79134372cdc097537643d9cc4a2/Elephant---Castle-3.jpg" data-mid="137531416" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8902bfa313dcf6966cf028685456a530b512c79134372cdc097537643d9cc4a2/Elephant---Castle-3.jpg" /> Lend Lease, known in the city as the builder of the Olympic Village in Stratford, designed the Elephant Park development on the site, a multi-building complex that will bring together 2,689 homes (541 of which will be subject to the Affordable Housing quota and only 92 of which will be used for social renting) and offices (up to 15,250 m2 of floor space), to be completed in 2025. This project, together with two other residential developments that the company has already completed in the area, Trafalgar Place and One The Elephant, will require an investment of around £23 billion. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e78d79d6f7abd03959fd77796a4e1e7503fd8adce55d651090f9eb66e3448937/Elephant---Castle-4.jpg" data-mid="137531417" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e78d79d6f7abd03959fd77796a4e1e7503fd8adce55d651090f9eb66e3448937/Elephant---Castle-4.jpg" />Other major projects are in the pipeline, such as the demolition of the old shopping centre that brings together much of the local retail trade, mostly run by local people, and which acts as a meeting place for the neighbourhood’s Latino community. On the site of what was in 1965 the first large roofed shopping centre in Europe and whose design (Boissevain &amp; Osmond for Willets Group) set a standard in the design of this type of building, a new and larger shopping centre, 374 homes and 278 student units, a Sainsbury’s supermarket, an extension of the underground station and a new campus for the LCC (London College of Communication, part of the University of the Arts or UAL) will be built over a period of 10 years. Associated with UAL, the company in charge of undertaking this regeneration will be Delancey, financially backed by George Soros and the Qatari dictatorship, and directed by Jamie Ritblat, the son of the real estate magnate Sir John Ritblat (British Land Company) and a prominent donor to the Conservative Party. The property has now been registered in the Virgin Islands. Also registered offshore is Get Living, its rental housing subsidiary with assets of £1 billion. 1. Housing Associations are private entities, usually non-profit, which acquire and manage real estate classified as Affordable. Although this type of organization has been in existence for a long time now, it was not until the deregulation of the public housing system in the 1980s that they were consolidated as the main suppliers of affordable housing. 2. A modality by which the tenant and the association share the ownership of the home, thus allowing the former to acquire it, benefiting from advantages and periods that do not exist in the free market. Although access to this modality is restricted, it is more flexible than in the case of public social housing. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c250c34a2a5dd33800ef5be79e3444d951a2928eb6423b83dfb1ba4237858758/Elephant---Castle-6.jpg" data-mid="137531419" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c250c34a2a5dd33800ef5be79e3444d951a2928eb6423b83dfb1ba4237858758/Elephant---Castle-6.jpg" /> 3. Old Kent Road <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f8b8a4789ec6f6679e8f996808804232385b9a2d1281ea5098bcf19da40c331e/Old-Kent-Road-4.jpg" data-mid="137534727" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f8b8a4789ec6f6679e8f996808804232385b9a2d1281ea5098bcf19da40c331e/Old-Kent-Road-4.jpg" /> Of Celtic origin, paved in Roman times and travelled in the Middle Ages by pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, the Old Kent Road is now one of the main arteries in the south east of London. It is part of the A2, the road that connects the centre of the capital with the port of Dover and the maritime trade routes from Europe. In the early nineteenth century the upper and middle classes, driven away by early industrialization, abandoned their homes in the vicinity of the old country road. Industry then led to an abundant influx of working families that made the areas around the old road one of the most densely populated points in the city. After the Second World War, even though most of the urban fabric survived the Nazi bombing, many of the nineteenth-century buildings were demolished and replaced by new social housing blocks to solve the shortage of living space. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/69b9127d63247eb26abc5a36be371afd71edd8540f18a7947be47732e1db238a/Old-Kent-Road-2.jpg" data-mid="137534725" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/69b9127d63247eb26abc5a36be371afd71edd8540f18a7947be47732e1db238a/Old-Kent-Road-2.jpg" /> On the east side of the road, in Bermondsey, the South Metropolitan Gasworks had been producing gas since 1833 to supply many of the nearby towns from Southwark to Croydon; from 1811 to 1970, the Surrey Grand Canal crossed the roadway, enabling transport and the rapid distribution of building materials and other goods from Rotherhithe to the towns of Peckham and Camberwell; in the west, in 1951 the London Essences Company installed a soap and perfume processing plant on the ruins of the former Robert White and Sons Ltd. lemonade and ginger beer factory. In the 1960s the neighbourhood was a refuge for the Richardson Gang, a violent and notorious criminal gang whose role was crucial in the construction of the black legend. David Bowie, for example, used a room on the second floor of the Thomas A. Becket Public House to rehearse when he was recording “The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust”, in the same place where European and Commonwealth heavyweight champion Sir Henry Cooper trained daily for fifteen years. It closed down in 2015 and has been on the market since then. A good example of the depression the street has suffered is the thirty-nine pubs that have closed since the late 1980s. Industrial activity, except for a number of small, scattered workshops, has completely disappeared. Although the street is located in the city’s metropolitan area, Southwark Council never thought it would be suitable to become an attractive centre. The area has suffered the consequences of poor organization, aggravated by a lack of planning and the construction of large commercial parks, more typical of outlying areas than of urban centres, scattered along its long wide route. However, on what has so far been the cheapest street on the Monopoly board, three new tube stations are now being planned. After three public consultations, Transport for London has closed the route in order to extend the Bakerloo Line. The first phase will involve five stops from Elephant &amp; Castle to Lewisham, three of which will be on the street and one at New Cross Gate, next to Goldsmith’s University. Although the work will not be completed until 2028, the prospects for growth are already apparent. The Southwark Council has already prepared a Master Plan for the regeneration of the Opportunity Area, which foresees the construction of around 20,000 homes in the coming years. The new Old Kent Road is underway: the developer Avanton has already undertaken the construction of the Ruby Triangle, a set of residential and studio towers for entrepreneurs that will be built on the derelict industrial estate of the same name. The development will be subject to the 40% Affordable Housing quota that is mandatory for this part of the district. A new higher education college, primary and secondary schools and a health centre are currently being planned in anticipation of the potential growth to come. As a spur to the great future regeneration, the promoters have announced the integration of the new urban fabric by means of a green spine of linear parks. It was a good idea, but one which had already been thought out and delivered, thanks to the pressure of neighbourhood movements, by the Docklands Development Corporation in 1981, when the aforementioned Surrey Canal was converted into a park after a decade’s abandonment. Although the extension of these garden walks is included in the project, it is historically inaccurate to present it as a novelty brought about by the “radical ecological commitment” of the developers. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/80fb8dc933f1e6385e96fe7bb55f16b7dcc52fd22153e52e6494feeab2d802f5/Old-Kent-Road-3.jpg" data-mid="137534726" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/80fb8dc933f1e6385e96fe7bb55f16b7dcc52fd22153e52e6494feeab2d802f5/Old-Kent-Road-3.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/859a091500ef2af43804a380dc83a64db9da79a4a82b52c2796d5b1e2a5bf0b5/Old-Kent-Road-1.jpg" data-mid="137534724" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/859a091500ef2af43804a380dc83a64db9da79a4a82b52c2796d5b1e2a5bf0b5/Old-Kent-Road-1.jpg" /> 4. Greenwich Peninsula <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/58e27d013a7dced57cf1d15b2d8c8002907c7bdc43a8a03d61f95e160e22a6ad/Greenwich-Peninsula-1.jpg" data-mid="137537006" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/58e27d013a7dced57cf1d15b2d8c8002907c7bdc43a8a03d61f95e160e22a6ad/Greenwich-Peninsula-1.jpg" /> The manufacture of gas from coal and oil, which had served to supply the city with energy and work for two centuries, became obsolete when the existence of natural gas in the North Sea was confirmed. By the end of the 1990s, most of the gas-producing industry had ceased to operate. The Greenwich peninsula was home to some of the largest and most productive facilities in the world, so its closure meant that a vast amount of land was left unused. In 1997, English Partnership1 acquired a huge piece of barren land. After the soil was decontaminated, a large pavilion was planned to be built on the 1.21 km2 site to house the Festival of Britain, a world exhibition to usher in the third millennium. The project was conceived during the mandate of the conservative John Major but it was without doubt Tony Blair who took the planning to a new dimension. The Millennium Dome, as the great pavilion was called, was entrusted to Richard Rogers and it was Sir Robert McAlpine who was in charge of construction. The funds for the project came from the National Lottery Fund, a public company operated since 1994 by the Camelot Group2, and amounted to £603,000,000. In the words of the Labour Prime Minister, the Dome would mean the “triumph of confidence over cynicism”. In 1999, in time for the celebrations, the North Greenwich underground and bus station was opened, connecting the area to the City, Canary Wharf and the West End in a matter of minutes. The marquee closed its doors a year after it opened, having recovered from ticket sales 189 of the £789 million the project cost. The high cost of maintenance and a lack of business initiative led the government to look for investors and the building was eventually transferred to Meridian Delta Ltd., a consortium led by AEG and owned by the US oil magnate Philip Anschutz, in exchange for a share of the profits. The new owner invested £135,000,000 in turning the pavilion into the current O2 Arena, a large indoor stadium for sports events and concerts surrounded by a huge shopping and entertainment centre, which was used as the venue for the 2012 Olympic Games. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c2413356acad44d39b5d16d9e4260fe7f7f328cbd4457aee832eb18ba5375754/Greenwich-Peninsula-2.jpg" data-mid="137537007" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c2413356acad44d39b5d16d9e4260fe7f7f328cbd4457aee832eb18ba5375754/Greenwich-Peninsula-2.jpg" />At present growth forecasts in the area are good. Multiple residential and office buildings are going up as part of a twenty-year growth plan. Associated with the London and Greenwich City Councils, the property developer Knight Dragon is leading what is one of the largest regeneration projects in the city with an investment of £8.4 billion. The new development incorporates 15,000 new homes, a block for low-cost creative studies next to Ravensbourne University, which located its headquarters in the area in 2010, two colleges, new offices, shops and green areas. Among those entrusted with the design are the interior designer Tom Dixon and the architect Santiago Calatrava. 1. Today renamed Homes and Communities Agency, this is a public company that works in urban regeneration. 2. A consortium of private companies formed by International Computers Ltd., Racal and Cadbury-Schweppes. 5. Southbank, Bankside, London Bridge <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2e64f643496ddfeb60cddabfb127a2b097cfb423a959349f3ba9f09428149aa9/Waterloo---Southbank-5.jpg" data-mid="137538270" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2e64f643496ddfeb60cddabfb127a2b097cfb423a959349f3ba9f09428149aa9/Waterloo---Southbank-5.jpg" /> In January 2000, after nineteen years of disuse, the Bankside power plant reopened its doors as a museum of contemporary art. Due to rising oil prices, the plant had ceased to be profitable in 1973. After a gradual reduction in activity, it closed down in 1981. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2b6cef4ae27379e60f5f2d52d1d250ff40b70318621100ff6634fcc099f58feb/Waterloo---Southbank-3.jpg" data-mid="137538268" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2b6cef4ae27379e60f5f2d52d1d250ff40b70318621100ff6634fcc099f58feb/Waterloo---Southbank-3.jpg" /> The original building dates from 1891 and after post-war reconstruction by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, it supplied both the City and North Southwark. Now, the Tate Modern would be a key part of the regeneration of the area, destined to connect the southern bank of the Thames with the City. It was not the first large-scale cultural institution to operate on this strip of land. To the west, next to Waterloo Station, the Southbank Centre, a pavilion built for the 1951 Festival of Britain, had been operating since 1986 as an independent institution, serving as an exhibition and concert venue. On the same site, the National Theatre had opened in 1963 under the management of Sir Laurence Olivier. To the east of the new museum, coming to London Bridge, the public company Pool of London Partnership had invested around £100 million in the regeneration of enclaves with historical value. Among the highlights were the Borough Food Market, Tower Bridge and the HMS Belfast museum ship that has been moored since 1971. Years later, a cultural corridor has been established that is capable of recovering the south bank of the river for the city.<img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e1b82e3f68ef4ceac4be942a3a91df04c3079c8e8a4aef3c445b6e123312c187/London-Bridge-3.jpg" data-mid="137538263" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e1b82e3f68ef4ceac4be942a3a91df04c3079c8e8a4aef3c445b6e123312c187/London-Bridge-3.jpg" /> By the time planning began in 2004, the Tate Modern had become Britain’s second most visited tourist attraction and the world’s busiest museum, counting 30 million visitors since its opening. The expansion project was commissioned to the same architects who undertook the renovation, Herzog &amp; de Meuron. The project consisted of an annexed brick tower to be built on the site of the former power station control facilities. The new building was opened in 2016 under the name The Switch House, in reference to its location. The institution decided shortly afterwards, however, to rename the new wing of the museum after its patron, Sir Leonard Blavatnik, the wealthy owner of Access Industries (a conglomerate of petrochemical, real estate, telecommunications and media companies). By then, real estate fever had invaded the corridor. Next to the Tate Modern, two large groups of buildings had been erected, one for offices and the other for residential use. The first, the 1/2/3 Complex on Southwark Street, was designed by Allies &amp; Morrison LLP and could accommodate 5,000 office workers. The second one was called NEO Bankside and was famous for two reasons: its designers (Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners) were nominated for the RIBA Stirling Prize in 2015, and its developers (Grossvernor and Native Land) managed to get round the mandatory quota of Affordable Housing, setting a precedent that has now become widespread in the luxury housing market. To the west, in the vicinity of Waterloo Station, Canary Wharf PLC and Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company have financed the construction of Southbank Place, a complex of eight towers of homes, offices and commercial spaces at the foot of Jubilee Park, next to the London Eye. 228 of the 877 homes planned are Affordable Houses (a total of 26%, with a reduction of 14% on the 40% usually required by Lambeth Council). Among the architects who were on the team, we could highlight names such as Squire &amp; Partners (in charge of the development plan), Stanton Williams, GRID, Patel Taylor and Townshend Landscape. The project was presented as the continuation of the legacy left by the 1951 Festival of Britain. As they recalled, the event brought together the best of British talent in the fields of design, architecture, art and culture. At the height of the post-war era, the reason behind the festival was to create a sense of successful recovery among visitors, and although it was widely accepted, it was not without controversy. The organiser, Herbert Morrison (Baron of Lambeth and a Labour politician), decided to leave exhibitions with implicit or explicit political content out of the programme; hence those dealing with the nationalization of strategic sectors, the universal health system and workers’ housing were all cancelled. On the other hand, those devoted to scientific progress, town planning and the arts and crafts served to celebrate the end of the devastation. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/37cf0e8fe5fd116610e6cf38a3fe2c8a335affdfb954cf4c6e2ae60e5b338af0/London-Bridge-1.jpg" data-mid="137538261" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/37cf0e8fe5fd116610e6cf38a3fe2c8a335affdfb954cf4c6e2ae60e5b338af0/London-Bridge-1.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/06b5eb85e8783ed2c5d8307e47254583b944a3f5795860932f58efb783196e18/London-Bridge-5.jpg" data-mid="137538265" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/06b5eb85e8783ed2c5d8307e47254583b944a3f5795860932f58efb783196e18/London-Bridge-5.jpg" />To the east, London Bridge station was extended and renovated from 2009 to 2017 by the Thameslink expansion programme (a railway operator owned by the Godiva Group). The Shard, the city’s tallest building, was erected on top of it in 2012, following Renzo Piano’s plans. The 95-storey tower was financed by the Qatari authority to the tune of £150 million. Alongside, on a surface area of 53,000 m2 and a capacity for 20,000 people, is More London Riverside. The development, better known as the “London Bridge City”, consists of several buildings among which the headquarters of the City Council stands out. Owned by the Kuwait Investment Authority, the building, according to the studio entrusted with the project (Foster &amp; Partners), “communicates the transparency and accessibility of the democratic process”. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4d8149b128cdc6159741f6286e6e542a7a32fccdc22b9b8a17f05948e169afc5/London-Bridge-4.jpg" data-mid="137538264" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4d8149b128cdc6159741f6286e6e542a7a32fccdc22b9b8a17f05948e169afc5/London-Bridge-4.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/edff787437f9ee44faae5108fa9e3f6bcf6e001a342267ebe06abbe5b8f9b777/Waterloo---Southbank-2.jpg" data-mid="137538267" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/edff787437f9ee44faae5108fa9e3f6bcf6e001a342267ebe06abbe5b8f9b777/Waterloo---Southbank-2.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c9eab136b1023c7e4d38293527354ddedd9dd50a455ce21d297efc6984f48f1b/Waterloo---Southbank-1.jpg" data-mid="137538266" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c9eab136b1023c7e4d38293527354ddedd9dd50a455ce21d297efc6984f48f1b/Waterloo---Southbank-1.jpg" /> 6. East London Tech City <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/281bac88179d3b7531b46d6391557ce94210cae9805a178d1dae377752b61c23/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-7.jpg" data-mid="137541213" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/281bac88179d3b7531b46d6391557ce94210cae9805a178d1dae377752b61c23/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-7.jpg" /> The so-called Silicon Roundabout was consolidated in the early years of this century around the Old Street roundabout in the East End, just a short distance from the City. Mass redundancies became widespread in the financial recession of 2008, meaning a large number of highly qualified investment banking employees were suddenly faced with the need to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, the simultaneous closure of several offices in the area led to a significant fall in rents, which encouraged various small technology companies to take up residence. By 2010, when David Cameron announced the government’s intention to invest in the growth of the cluster, some 85 small and medium sized start-ups were already operating in the area. Among the most successful were Songkick, Tweetdeck, Dopplr and Last.fm. Cameron announced his intention to create “one of the world’s great technology centres”, capable of competing on an equal footing with Silicon Valley. The Tech City Investment Organisation was born in the same year with the aim of attracting investors from all over the world. The plan was to connect financial capital to the creative hub that had been established in the area. The agency was headed by Eric Van der Kleij, who since 2006 had been helping the government develop the Global Entrepreneur Programme to attract emerging technology companies on a global scale. Through the exceptional issuance of talent visas for foreigners, 150 technology projects managed to set up in the city by drawing on staff from all over the world. One of the first initiatives by the new agency was the demarcation of an expanded urban area to accommodate growing investment. In the words of Van der Kleij: “There is a lot of land in the corridor from Shoreditch to the Olympic park in Stratford. It will become a natural magnet for larger companies”.<img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9d29b380b2374baceca40295479b63d21f45b0cb4c8dd8e9da56b295e8886996/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-3.jpg" data-mid="137541013" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9d29b380b2374baceca40295479b63d21f45b0cb4c8dd8e9da56b295e8886996/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-3.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8c9aea2b50fe49558bf1bd19890c22c42b023356a2a79fd828f678c7e2c5bf8b/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-5.jpg" data-mid="137541015" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8c9aea2b50fe49558bf1bd19890c22c42b023356a2a79fd828f678c7e2c5bf8b/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-5.jpg" />Taking advantage of the place’s renown, the rebranding of the area worked, and in a short time Tech City, as the government had renamed it, began to host large companies of the calibre of Amazon, Cisco, Deliveroo, Facebook, Google, Intel and Microsoft. Investment in the sector shot up to 2.28 billion in 2015, when more than five hundred start-ups were registered. By 2018, the sector’s growth had reached a historic peak of 4.6% compared to the British average of 1.4%. The Gross Value Added that year was 14.4% in the sector. However, with the arrival of large investors, this growth in numbers was soon reflected in rental prices. Smaller companies, which until then had enjoyed some operational flexibility, began to find it difficult just to stay afloat. What for a time worked as an independent technology laboratory is today an area restricted to large consolidated firms. The formerly abandoned industrial warehouses in which some of the small pioneering companies were born have been replaced, at great speed, by new office buildings, apartments, hotels and residences to accommodate the arrival of students from all over the world to the many universities that are opening their acceleration programmes on site. What had been presented as an investment plan for a creative-financial alliance for the sector thrust soon turned out to be a large-scale real estate operation. The community of young ideas people (start-ups, designers, artists), after fulfilling its role in contributing to the creation of value in what was once a depressed space, has no choice now but to see financial capital take its place. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8942fd55b5cb3c3eb0fa45fd3ced3c061de93152a8130880cb1f76b1116daa63/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-4.jpg" data-mid="137541014" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8942fd55b5cb3c3eb0fa45fd3ced3c061de93152a8130880cb1f76b1116daa63/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-4.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8a1379cb76daca6cb0e090232fa40829332769909b3891ed7015a8217ee79a53/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-6.jpg" data-mid="137541016" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8a1379cb76daca6cb0e090232fa40829332769909b3891ed7015a8217ee79a53/Old-Street-Roundabout---Shoreditch-6.jpg" /> 7. Tottenham Court Road<img width="2303" height="1535" width_o="2303" height_o="1535" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1d59ebeed5e521158a79dd7fe91b7bece8889e1059bb9be2946307b723a20c77/Tottenham-Court-Road-5.jpg" data-mid="137542813" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1d59ebeed5e521158a79dd7fe91b7bece8889e1059bb9be2946307b723a20c77/Tottenham-Court-Road-5.jpg" /> After various delays, the final opening of the Elizabeth Line, which will cross the city centre, is scheduled for the summer of 2022. Taking advantage of some sections that had already been built, the new line will connect Heathrow Airport to such significant locations as the City, Canary Wharf, Paddington, Stratford and Tottenham Court Road in a matter of minutes. The line’s 73 miles will also connect towns far from the centre, such as Reading in the west and Shenfield in the east. After several setbacks and cost overruns, completion of the work begun in 2008 will require the extraordinary sum of £18 billion. This giant infrastructure, which will significantly cut travel times between some of the city’s most significant areas, has already made its mark on the places it will pass through. Whether consolidated or emerging areas, they are already seen as strategic locations for investment.<img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/757c2ce786b04337d1e0e19b5fdd926738832c534654be8f29e974e67ab319df/Tottenham-Court-Road-4.jpg" data-mid="137542812" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/757c2ce786b04337d1e0e19b5fdd926738832c534654be8f29e974e67ab319df/Tottenham-Court-Road-4.jpg" /> Tottenham Court Road station, one of the forty-seven on the line, has recently reopened. Located in the West End, at the crossroads of Soho, Bloomsbury, Fitzrovia and Covent Garden, some of the city centre’s most prominent property developments can be found nearby. The Almacantar development, for example, converted the listed Centre Point, a brutalist skyscraper designed by Richard Seifert &amp; Partners in 1966, into a residential complex of luxury homes sold for between £1.8 million and £55 million (for a studio with one bedroom to a two-storey penthouse respectively). Next to this is Central St. Giles, the multiple-use complex designed by Renzo Piano, which boasts Mindshare, NBC and Google among its tenants, and whose apartments were mostly sold in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia to be used by their owners on sporadic visits to the city, or by their children when they study at nearby universities. In the area, investment in the most luxurious segment of the housing stock has experienced great growth in recent years. In 2017, London reached fifth spot on the world ranking of cities with the most multi-millionaires as residents. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/796a35373178b8e8e85abfd4b30d3463b66d15f4de3dc6bf7b93f0dc455282c3/Tottenham-Court-Road-3.jpg" data-mid="137542811" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/796a35373178b8e8e85abfd4b30d3463b66d15f4de3dc6bf7b93f0dc455282c3/Tottenham-Court-Road-3.jpg" />In a recent study published by Transparency International U.K. entitled Faulty Towers: Understanding the Impact of Overseas Corruption on the London Property Market has shown that of the apartments sold in fourteen new luxury buildings, 40% were purchased by groups or individuals from countries with a high rate of corruption (Russia, China, Malaysia, Singapore, Brazil, United Arab Emirates and Qatar). According to the monograph, demand for property in London increases in periods of political instability such as the Arab Spring and anti-corruption protests in China. These financial flows seek refuge value in real estate. The consequences of this global money-laundering stream are notoriously distorting the housing market, the report says. Firstly, it leads to a rise in prices, and secondly, it directs the production of new housing towards foreign buyers. While new apartments remain empty, local residents are forced to seek out affordable offers by moving further and further away, and thus the city grows by becoming empty. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dd11a1917a1d560c55bc977b725700dc4c9d366ce2d81810e725d06709c6308d/Tottenham-Court-Road-2.jpg" data-mid="137542810" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/dd11a1917a1d560c55bc977b725700dc4c9d366ce2d81810e725d06709c6308d/Tottenham-Court-Road-2.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/afca4bda61ff67db6d1e4d69ec1f1a29c95f843b8672feaa9ce69a1316fba9d1/Tottenham-Court-Road-6.jpg" data-mid="137542814" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/afca4bda61ff67db6d1e4d69ec1f1a29c95f843b8672feaa9ce69a1316fba9d1/Tottenham-Court-Road-6.jpg" /> 8. Euston, St Pancras, King’s Cross <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/22817f20b6094660abc03dfa418aa0f7d73b2e17f37243c99347b8e6bbed8048/Euston---King-s-Cross-9.jpg" data-mid="137542338" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/22817f20b6094660abc03dfa418aa0f7d73b2e17f37243c99347b8e6bbed8048/Euston---King-s-Cross-9.jpg" /> King’s Cross Station was originally designed by the architect Lewis Cubitt for the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was built next to Saint Pancras, and both stations together covered a large area of land. A complex was built on the area for the storage and management of raw materials and goods such as coal, potatoes and grain. Regent’s Canal, which had flown through the land since 1820, was used for the distribution of goods. Coal from the mining basins in the industrial North fed the boilers of the adjacent gasometers, which in turn supplied the city’s night lighting. Passengers heading north, however, used to go to nearby Euston station. More central and more suitable for the movement of people, it was, in 1837, the first railway station within London. For a time it was the terminus of the London-Birmingham line. A few years later, in 1849, it was extended and rebuilt by Philip Charles Hardwick in a classical style. For its great hall, John Thomas was commissioned to create a group of allegorical figures representing the cities the train travelled to: Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/37a3fe41ec56e8de98ab0baae5ce8a4721baaa42d64858ad0777f0f13f43a8c2/Euston---King-s-Cross-2.jpg" data-mid="137542327" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/37a3fe41ec56e8de98ab0baae5ce8a4721baaa42d64858ad0777f0f13f43a8c2/Euston---King-s-Cross-2.jpg" />The decline of the area came after the Second World War, when the old railway facilities gradually became obsolete. The once frenetic activity came to a definitive halt in 1981. The area, remote and considerably large, was abandoned and fell outside the radar of the authorities. The old hangars and warehouses were occupied, sometimes illegally, by artists and designers. On the other hand, the area soon became known among the youth for its raves and gained popularity beyond Bohemian circles. However, not everything there was so colourful. The use and abuse of drugs and the associated market, and the presence of prostitution contributed to the area’s poor reputation. Even though prices hit rock bottom, small investors kept away. It was too risky to open a business in the area. <img width="2303" height="1535" width_o="2303" height_o="1535" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/76d8477f10dd4223d7bb9e3767b802299357bd3b005d0985aee80bc64096bba4/Euston---King-s-Cross-3.jpg" data-mid="137542329" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/76d8477f10dd4223d7bb9e3767b802299357bd3b005d0985aee80bc64096bba4/Euston---King-s-Cross-3.jpg" /> This remained so until in the early 1990s, when the government founded the King’s Cross Partnership to attract investors to undertake the rehabilitation of the site. The opening of cultural institutions was part of the recovery strategy. In 1992 the London Canal Museum was opened and the British Library opened its current premises in 1997. However, investors did not really pay attention until 2000, when the launch of High Speed 1 was announced, a project to build the infrastructure for what is now the Euro Star, a high-speed train that connected St. Pancras station to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and Rotterdam in record time. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a141afaf08c6eb08bd81135baf5c3a776f16f85b9c29b9766e9d95493131fd69/Euston---King-s-Cross-6.jpg" data-mid="137542335" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a141afaf08c6eb08bd81135baf5c3a776f16f85b9c29b9766e9d95493131fd69/Euston---King-s-Cross-6.jpg" />When the route opened in 2007, the area was already a hive of new developments. In 2006, Allies and Morrison and Porphyrios Associates obtained a building permit for the regeneration plan. It was one of the largest projects in Europe, covering an area of 24 hectares, with an abundance of residential, commercial, office and leisure space. It was then that, with the aim of developing the project, King’s Cross Central Ltd. was set up, with the participation of Argent Group, London &amp; Continental Railways Ltd. and DHL. Within the framework of the project, we could highlight the following features: the rehabilitation and extension of King’s Cross station by John McAslan + Partners; One Pancras Square, David Chipperfield’s office building which articulates the entrance to the block of the same name; and Coal Drops Yard, the conversion of the old coal warehouses into a shopping centre for avant-garde fashion designed by Thomas Heatherwick. Perhaps the best-known tenant is Google: the Internet giant, which already has a space in Pancras Square, announced in 2017 that it would invest one billion pounds in the construction of its new headquarters. Furthermore, at the nearby station of Euston High Speed 2 is already under development, a new high-speed line that will reach Birmingham in 2026 and from there extend to Manchester, Sheffield and Leeds in the early years of the coming decade. When work is completed, some of these cities will be less than a short journey away from many neighbourhoods in the city itself, perhaps re-establishing the flow of capital between the old industrial cities of the North and London. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e41db62496cd5680d4d23be3bc5727241dfa33f1cbd77ea5b7a1d610359b1749/Euston---King-s-Cross-8.jpg" data-mid="137542337" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e41db62496cd5680d4d23be3bc5727241dfa33f1cbd77ea5b7a1d610359b1749/Euston---King-s-Cross-8.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cff07730ccc9648e4e350bf4f340edbf5c357e8239b757df67f60012ccede67b/Euston---King-s-Cross-4.jpg" data-mid="137542331" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cff07730ccc9648e4e350bf4f340edbf5c357e8239b757df67f60012ccede67b/Euston---King-s-Cross-4.jpg" /> 9. Victoria Street <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9d16e5cf2e26be2368f25dbc52f51e04652b9aa2460d2a5badbd98b51815a4ac/Victoria-Street-2.jpg" data-mid="137543625" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9d16e5cf2e26be2368f25dbc52f51e04652b9aa2460d2a5badbd98b51815a4ac/Victoria-Street-2.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e201e9566e13aa6eedc3dd89014ba6ac79a8c2a763862cc4eeb4e1e0176f27c5/Victoria-Street-4.jpg" data-mid="137543630" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e201e9566e13aa6eedc3dd89014ba6ac79a8c2a763862cc4eeb4e1e0176f27c5/Victoria-Street-4.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2594c67eee24f1aca338c41fe6038dc43e25b9673e36db727eeb4e6990ac6721/Victoria-Street-3.jpg" data-mid="137543628" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2594c67eee24f1aca338c41fe6038dc43e25b9673e36db727eeb4e6990ac6721/Victoria-Street-3.jpg" /> <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/703de5d4765cf33179436f74c789241a882211800d133df43b08df78a15fe464/Victoria-Street-1.jpg" data-mid="137543624" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/703de5d4765cf33179436f74c789241a882211800d133df43b08df78a15fe464/Victoria-Street-1.jpg" /> 10. Canary Wharf <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6c16d63032203478c7f394ef33008b3f91a868db2a02aa1bd5a9a2371cbf60f4/Canary-Wharf-1.jpg" data-mid="137543844" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6c16d63032203478c7f394ef33008b3f91a868db2a02aa1bd5a9a2371cbf60f4/Canary-Wharf-1.jpg" /> When, on the morning of 27 October 1986, the changes in financial regulation promoted by Margaret Thatcher’s executive came into effect, stock market activity grew so much that the date would be remembered as the day of the “Big Bang”. Until then, the privatization programme of parastatal industries —in force since 1983— had not succeeded in obtaining a significant improvement in business performance. Faced with a wave of mass layoffs, severe discontent spread among the working classes, who, seeing their future threatened, waged an open battle against the government’s restructuring. In 1985, after a year of strikes without reaching any agreements, Thatcher definitively defeated the National Union of Miners. The series of strikes had resulted in the loss of 27 million working days in 1984, and although the state collected about £40 billion from the sale of businesses and public housing, the United Kingdom’s economic position did not improve internationally. At this juncture, the package of measures that deregulated the London stock exchange came to play a decisive role in the take-off of the pound. The City managed to reposition itself as one of the world’s most important financial centres and marked the roadmap for the liberalization of its counterparts in New York and Tokyo. So dramatic was the effect that in 2010 Nigel Lawson1 declared that the financial recession of 2007-2012 (the biggest crisis in capitalism since the Great Depression) was an unintended consequence of that transformation. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e62d9e8f30bc05fa866af419d38468063b819413fa9acf7bef2a75116f5476eb/Canary-Wharf-7.jpg" data-mid="137543850" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e62d9e8f30bc05fa866af419d38468063b819413fa9acf7bef2a75116f5476eb/Canary-Wharf-7.jpg" /> Given the extraordinary momentum in the sector, the Docklands Development Corporation2 undertook the construction of Canary Wharf a year later, in partnership with the Canadian tycoon Paul Reichmann. The new financial estate was to be built on the ruins of London’s old port. The world’s once busiest docks had fallen into disrepair in the containerization of the 1960s, due to their shallow waters. Activity ceased definitively in 1980, eliminating a large number of jobs and leaving a vast amount of land available. A rapid re-classification as an Urban Enterprise Zone3 followed. In addition to major publicly funded works such as land decontamination and drainage and the construction of the DLR4, which linked up the new development to the rest of the city, many office skyscrapers were privately built. For example, One Canada Square, commissioned by César Pelli, crowned by a large stainless steel pyramid, was the highest building in the United Kingdom until 2012. Current tenants of the financial centre include, among others: Bank of America, Barclays, China Construction Bank, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, J. P. Morgan Chase, KPMG, MasterCard, Moody’s, Morgan Stanley, The Economist Group, Thompson Reuters, Total and Wells Fargo. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a221ec2df76fde22a34f07e72d3d254147a2047e8d0195ca07df21948f32bba4/Canary-Wharf-4.jpg" data-mid="137543847" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a221ec2df76fde22a34f07e72d3d254147a2047e8d0195ca07df21948f32bba4/Canary-Wharf-4.jpg" /> The Canary Wharf Group PLC (CWG), which promoted the development of the centre of the same name and still owns 49% of its assets, has managed to position itself in the last decade as the largest developer of office buildings in the city. Controlled since 2015 by Brookfield Property Partners (based in Hamilton, Bermuda) and the Qatar Investment Authority, the group has assets valued at £4.9 billion and has undertaken the construction of a new neighbourhood on the land adjacent to the financial district. Christened Wood Wharf, it will focus on residential use and is expected to hold 3,600 new homes for “ambitious Londoners”. The plan, which was to be developed by a consortium made up of the state-owned company that owns the land, British Waterways (50%), the developer Ballymore (25%) and CWG itself, will in the end be undertaken by the latter alone after it paid its former partners £90,000,000 for 100% control of the project in 2012. As reflected in the master plan drawn up by Terry Farrel in 2013, the new neighbourhood will consist of 30 buildings, of which at least one will be residential and another will be an office building with an “iconic nature”. Herzog &amp; de Meuron, Allies &amp; Morrison and Stanton Williams will be in charge of designing them. The last phase of construction has to be completed in time for the opening of the new Crossrail / Elisabeth Line in 2021. 1. He held various different positions in Thatcher’s executive; from 1983 to 1989 he was Minister of Finance and supervisor of the “Big Bang”. 2. Founded in 1980 by Michael Heseltine, Thatcher’s environmental secretary. 3. Area with significant tax exemptions, low regulation and high investor attractiveness. 4. Light rail system. Stands for Docklands Light Railway. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b315711d4d2a274c631ea8cf24cf2e3dd9c1cf3876d137f01e64a5e8242c53f8/Canary-Wharf-5.jpg" data-mid="137543848" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b315711d4d2a274c631ea8cf24cf2e3dd9c1cf3876d137f01e64a5e8242c53f8/Canary-Wharf-5.jpg" /> 11. Stratford <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f164ec4b7991a51bd639964bc7e2820a99faefce8181ca24066d7d58db0ab292/Stratford-1.jpg" data-mid="137544295" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f164ec4b7991a51bd639964bc7e2820a99faefce8181ca24066d7d58db0ab292/Stratford-1.jpg" /> As the memory of a pleasant life in a green land, and at the same time as the promise of a better future: this is how the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games led by Danny Boyle began in 2012. However, that peaceful and rural existence was soon threatened by a group of men in top hats. Led by Kenneth Branagh as Brunel and to the rhythm of a thousand proletarian drummers, these Victorian industrialists brought seven smoking chimneys out of the bowels of the earth. The legion of volunteer workers who sprang from a huge uprooted oak tree were joined by the fallen from the two World Wars, a group of suffragettes, the Jarrow Crusaders and the Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. They all danced and paraded while everything that was green on the scene turned to grey: the rural village turned into Pandemonium. To cap the show, a group of metallurgists forged five large Olympic rings that rose incandescent above the heads of those who attended the Olympic stadium that night. A rain of fire melted into the applause and cheers of the attending crowd. The London Games had begun. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b4f460b109a24ef09b135c4da4ac9e9ad46a96bb42d50887abc34cb237ad6318/Stratford-3.jpg" data-mid="137544298" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b4f460b109a24ef09b135c4da4ac9e9ad46a96bb42d50887abc34cb237ad6318/Stratford-3.jpg" /> Stratford, too, was a farming community in the Lower Lea Valley. Its proximity to London and an unobstructed road made it possible for merchants and financiers to come here and enjoy the peace and calm of the countryside. The River Lea served to demarcate the metropolitan area, and when industry was banned within the townships in 1844, it moved to the river banks. The coming of the train and the river connection to the Thames wharves favoured rapid development. Very soon numerous factories were set up for the production of pharmaceuticals and chemicals. The suburb grew to become one of the largest railway production enclaves in all of England. By the time the factory closed in 1991, 1,682 locomotives, 5,500 passenger carriages and 33,000 freight wagons had been manufactured there. As if it were Boyle’s Pandemonium, the trauma of the Industrial Revolution devastated this small and picturesque town. Perhaps, after the decline of their factories, the promise of a better future can now be kept. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2fda40f8779ef930bd7bed8fdad81b10912814a3df3b08bc26f28557f9af6c70/Stratford-5.jpg" data-mid="137544301" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2fda40f8779ef930bd7bed8fdad81b10912814a3df3b08bc26f28557f9af6c70/Stratford-5.jpg" />Although the Olympics were over, Queen Elizabeth Park, which stretched across five districts, still held a large amount of land to build on. In the same year of 2012, in front of the park and on the site of the former locomotive depot, Westfield City, the second largest shopping centre in Europe and the main source of employment in the area, opened its doors. In its 177,000 m2&nbsp;there are around 280 shops, 70 restaurants, a large supermarket, a hotel with 350 rooms and a casino. The shopping mall, which until 2018 belonged to the Australian company of the same name, has served as a pole of attraction on which several major developments have been based in recent years. Among the four newly built neighbourhoods that surround it is the Olympic Village, whose facilities were designed to be converted into 3,500 homes after the Games. Since then, around 12,000 homes have been built in the various Stratford subdivisions. The residential park is not the only one on the rise: the developers Lend Lease and London Continental Railways are building the International Quarter, a large business park that will cover an area of 3.7 km2 and involve an investment of £2,000 million, starting in 2014. Among the clients that have promoted the complex are Sadler’s Wells, the BBC, the University of the Arts (College of Fashion), and the new headquarters of the Victoria &amp; Albert Museum. The developer boasts the participation of studios such as Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners and Allies &amp; Morrison. It is expected that the site will become the second largest business centre in the city, second only to Canary Wharf. <img width="2303" height="1536" width_o="2303" height_o="1536" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/487dabdea203f375a8dbf76c7aab2edd7e4e120ea96aec7e523a978225cba4a9/Stratford-4.jpg" data-mid="137544300" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/487dabdea203f375a8dbf76c7aab2edd7e4e120ea96aec7e523a978225cba4a9/Stratford-4.jpg" /> https://alejandrosgarrido.net/El-Aguila-1 Mon, 25 Sep 2023 17:06:03 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/El-Aguila-1 LEER EN CASTELLANO&nbsp;︎︎︎ Old El Águila BreweryREGIONAL ARCHIVE AND LIBRARY OF THE COMMUNITY OF MADRID By commission of the Heritage Department of the Community of Madrid. MADRID, 2021 <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/811216803a29e9f5be8d871af4ff6d24be3cb8ed94a3343dbdca1a977e477338/Documento_01_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191809316" border="0" data-scale="68" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/811216803a29e9f5be8d871af4ff6d24be3cb8ed94a3343dbdca1a977e477338/Documento_01_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> In the 1970s, advanced economies underwent a cycle of transformations that led to a new framework for economic development. Within a few years, a significant portion of the industrial fabric located on the outskirts of large cities was relocated, resulting in a surplus of disused spaces. In Madrid, the El Águila beer factory closed in 1985 when the Dutch company Heineken centralized production in a more modern plant in San Sebastián de los Reyes. After years of abandonment, the old brewery became the first purely industrial building to be declared a BIC1 in Madrid in 1990. From 1996 to 2003, the Mansilla+Tuñón studio constructed a new complex to house the Regional Archive and Library, making it one of the pioneering examples of industrial building reconversion in the region. Throughout its history, the building has adapted to the demands of a changing economic model. When I was commissioned to photograph the complex, I focused on its current production and portrayed it as the workspace it has always been. The classification, custody, care, and preservation of historical documents are laborious activities that led me to think of the documentary memory as the new product of the old plant.&nbsp;During the process, I focused on visiting the different departments and sections that make up the activity of the center to portray them in their daily work. 1.&nbsp;A BIC (Bien de Interés Cultural) is a category of the heritage register in Spain. The term literally means a "good of cultural interest". It includes not only material heritage, like monuments or movable works of art, but also intangible cultural heritage. <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/61ab776defcb1d7f0b2329dc08a82c3bec0fe39d3bc470736773e783a0252231/Exterior_01_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191809405" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/61ab776defcb1d7f0b2329dc08a82c3bec0fe39d3bc470736773e783a0252231/Exterior_01_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/868415b2ade3a515f03b41e6de01b7803f8341dab44810124fc6a59d262adac3/Trabajo_02_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191809465" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/868415b2ade3a515f03b41e6de01b7803f8341dab44810124fc6a59d262adac3/Trabajo_02_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/85160cc4178fca49c7946dc143f84f26a33a092027de92eb41ccad77f5bd1de9/Documento_05_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191810500" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/85160cc4178fca49c7946dc143f84f26a33a092027de92eb41ccad77f5bd1de9/Documento_05_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3f45243100ecbcba135fd377319f31a13eb7760c0612ef6c2e8b2d7787a57725/Documento_03_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191810967" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/3f45243100ecbcba135fd377319f31a13eb7760c0612ef6c2e8b2d7787a57725/Documento_03_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6084255c1b5d31488537a2868f142a7cb69ffd712c2279a6e8376ca40716ab89/Exterior_02_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191811700" border="0" data-scale="37" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/6084255c1b5d31488537a2868f142a7cb69ffd712c2279a6e8376ca40716ab89/Exterior_02_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/81eb47e7fd61471b810b54ee49e3fa7e7e3a2b405a834a167b68adf83a9cff5d/Trabajo_03_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191809489" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/81eb47e7fd61471b810b54ee49e3fa7e7e3a2b405a834a167b68adf83a9cff5d/Trabajo_03_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/130e04af25937c99c65af1d46e07c82b4d528d3b74415f62e412e7e75daa91ec/Trabajo_04_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191809564" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/130e04af25937c99c65af1d46e07c82b4d528d3b74415f62e412e7e75daa91ec/Trabajo_04_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/23d3c039f9a0776c696905135aa4920b5ec427ddeed4745ed2038b2e6a376aef/Trabajo_01_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191810863" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/23d3c039f9a0776c696905135aa4920b5ec427ddeed4745ed2038b2e6a376aef/Trabajo_01_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/df8f7db6896280ba8dcfdd12791b2735e87dce9a86c02bb1099609790491b3b5/Exterior_04_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191810713" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/df8f7db6896280ba8dcfdd12791b2735e87dce9a86c02bb1099609790491b3b5/Exterior_04_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/78f5786204ca66c19f8de51d5d20702f713cb2a4805e14bcc7b49a605c9bfb94/Trabajo_07_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191809617" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/78f5786204ca66c19f8de51d5d20702f713cb2a4805e14bcc7b49a605c9bfb94/Trabajo_07_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/29961299157a2523ac07b880d67a18fc3147eedc09c5961b693919caf7756d79/Interior_03_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191809769" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/29961299157a2523ac07b880d67a18fc3147eedc09c5961b693919caf7756d79/Interior_03_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b3f10953cbc8568ff661d942cdb466d57d682fc49a59e08bd6c4c250230c03d3/Interior_01_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191809897" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/b3f10953cbc8568ff661d942cdb466d57d682fc49a59e08bd6c4c250230c03d3/Interior_01_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/79574cba0b0fe59fbe4e0640e3cad4e358adf1b6575369111803bba95f9f69e4/Trabajo_06_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191810214" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/79574cba0b0fe59fbe4e0640e3cad4e358adf1b6575369111803bba95f9f69e4/Trabajo_06_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2775fcdb97b163f53b65280ac8965f255f9c9e1ebead85530095702b35447361/Trabajo_05_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191810154" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2775fcdb97b163f53b65280ac8965f255f9c9e1ebead85530095702b35447361/Trabajo_05_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="945" height="1417" width_o="945" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0f81e925e771dcfe5b73f7eef0586f0b33a8df23004977166be63d0c8b573db8/Exterior_03_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191811382" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/945/i/0f81e925e771dcfe5b73f7eef0586f0b33a8df23004977166be63d0c8b573db8/Exterior_03_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8ee0443c0ad0157cc3f0a9f550324b89cce91dd026bd7a0e2ad50b6547593484/Documento_02_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" data-mid="191810510" border="0" data-scale="66" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8ee0443c0ad0157cc3f0a9f550324b89cce91dd026bd7a0e2ad50b6547593484/Documento_02_Alejandro-S.-Garrido.jpg" /> https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Business-As-Usual Mon, 18 Sep 2023 10:38:59 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Business-As-Usual Business as Usual( London ) –&nbsp; 2021 <img width="1250" height="833" width_o="1250" height_o="833" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fb94a358ed1d2be220c42769b66ef1808c324cae15647603b155549af707fca6/Business-As-Usual-View.jpeg" data-mid="191242733" border="0" data-scale="71" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fb94a358ed1d2be220c42769b66ef1808c324cae15647603b155549af707fca6/Business-As-Usual-View.jpeg" /> "Business as Usual" portrays the appearance of central London during the pandemic. The photographs were taken in some of the city's most important commercial areas during the periods between lockdowns. These were places without neighbours and devoid of tourists, only visited by those who had a reason to be there at the time. Driven by the fast pace of capitalism, which blurs the lines between leisure, work, and consumption, the center was mainly frequented by those who did not have the option to work from home. If social distancing had brought about any changes, they were not immediately visible in central London. People of different origins and social backgrounds could be seen walking along the large shopping avenues, ironically maintaining the same social distancing that urban dynamics have always established. If public space is defined by the practices and encounters it houses and receives from its participants, then we could argue that what governments referred to as the "new normal" was simply the reestablishment of a space hostile to unexpected uses, restricted to pure productivity. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/78f6bdab69e8daba2393a8692f02149624fa3450dad26b656177345bb5e96ad0/_DSF1414.jpg" data-mid="191129294" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/78f6bdab69e8daba2393a8692f02149624fa3450dad26b656177345bb5e96ad0/_DSF1414.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/38a9eff1be893bd3aa7c459bac9cd4c695789d9ba46d1b80086db839541896c6/_DSF1234.jpg" data-mid="191133845" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/38a9eff1be893bd3aa7c459bac9cd4c695789d9ba46d1b80086db839541896c6/_DSF1234.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/df72a679c48ac61118e9c343a34999ffc2e56bfe5ca47475d65c348c8f23f668/_DSF9924.jpg" data-mid="191133956" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/df72a679c48ac61118e9c343a34999ffc2e56bfe5ca47475d65c348c8f23f668/_DSF9924.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c1906865a9e276f413698d034b2e817f1e33ad5df68f1c2efa2bdb67eb6a5e26/_DSF1330.jpg" data-mid="191134110" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c1906865a9e276f413698d034b2e817f1e33ad5df68f1c2efa2bdb67eb6a5e26/_DSF1330.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7181b6af874d20b06b1be6403098ed9e2e646ae469bbd65d141900f27901ef84/_DSF0330.jpg" data-mid="191133867" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7181b6af874d20b06b1be6403098ed9e2e646ae469bbd65d141900f27901ef84/_DSF0330.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4acdcccb7397a3a604fc89253f54692f5eb95640b3abde5d6ec5270cde3036cb/_DSF1656.jpg" data-mid="191129310" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4acdcccb7397a3a604fc89253f54692f5eb95640b3abde5d6ec5270cde3036cb/_DSF1656.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b7fa0cb2119ecf48d20643d4edb2d047031035abda29d104ed3a5a27950ac340/_DSF1582.jpg" data-mid="191131530" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b7fa0cb2119ecf48d20643d4edb2d047031035abda29d104ed3a5a27950ac340/_DSF1582.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c8a4ef48533191601fc3e72a9ef849af0877ed82cc244f6b1c736b9cf276fa3e/_DSF0170.jpg" data-mid="191136041" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c8a4ef48533191601fc3e72a9ef849af0877ed82cc244f6b1c736b9cf276fa3e/_DSF0170.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2bff72b5351117326d630533ed4a5076488aa7f8d4643624854d91c6336182d7/_DSF1616.jpg" data-mid="191136125" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2bff72b5351117326d630533ed4a5076488aa7f8d4643624854d91c6336182d7/_DSF1616.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/37ab5df4f06b40343fe4dea267bf53974e398053b62e7859ccf11ef4512f6f5d/_DSF0096.jpg" data-mid="191136997" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/37ab5df4f06b40343fe4dea267bf53974e398053b62e7859ccf11ef4512f6f5d/_DSF0096.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/56f6bf1013eaffaf51fcc3dd61680c3b4f7643424f2721364b4e536010f996d6/_DSF1881.jpg" data-mid="191129613" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/56f6bf1013eaffaf51fcc3dd61680c3b4f7643424f2721364b4e536010f996d6/_DSF1881.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/840b923cc6598a8c223486a7861c05550fa24d7819a87b38e40418534d159b12/_DSF9732.jpg" data-mid="191133925" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/840b923cc6598a8c223486a7861c05550fa24d7819a87b38e40418534d159b12/_DSF9732.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/92b0800522e0de76c77b93be8724dfb07b3cb22f025fe55f581533251b128188/_DSF9987.jpg" data-mid="191131560" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/92b0800522e0de76c77b93be8724dfb07b3cb22f025fe55f581533251b128188/_DSF9987.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/09fd38b37bc4f9d17d51976282003470bd41180659f3fb4ef4e923070ede512d/_DSF0374.jpg" data-mid="191131655" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/09fd38b37bc4f9d17d51976282003470bd41180659f3fb4ef4e923070ede512d/_DSF0374.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cbfa7a11820380bb628fb5459640c0fd2324ce57880dd90b07fc25b1b544a3ef/_DSF1732.jpg" data-mid="191136179" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cbfa7a11820380bb628fb5459640c0fd2324ce57880dd90b07fc25b1b544a3ef/_DSF1732.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f3e485405fe6f7b68a978ca451540a5caf65df12f65ee9df41b69d361f268c8e/_DSF9767.jpg" data-mid="191136817" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f3e485405fe6f7b68a978ca451540a5caf65df12f65ee9df41b69d361f268c8e/_DSF9767.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/872da9e9871ad649fc0c4d96f7dec3858354a96a945eb75413a51c3b009b6b8d/_DSF9428.jpg" data-mid="191131667" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/872da9e9871ad649fc0c4d96f7dec3858354a96a945eb75413a51c3b009b6b8d/_DSF9428.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cbe6cfec4af0b15d09469cb59a0c83c73f920356d63487e80ae0aa5bb5c0db7b/_DSF9307.jpg" data-mid="191136455" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cbe6cfec4af0b15d09469cb59a0c83c73f920356d63487e80ae0aa5bb5c0db7b/_DSF9307.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/055e307a8d8090ef0e85fddf3b5f0c7d4a0f592916b68e65efa7102505b48336/_DSF2200.jpg" data-mid="191133961" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/055e307a8d8090ef0e85fddf3b5f0c7d4a0f592916b68e65efa7102505b48336/_DSF2200.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bd12f14be6288828d793fe22008d0d8e7422de8cba245910c5da577351ba950d/_DSF0968.jpg" data-mid="191131678" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/bd12f14be6288828d793fe22008d0d8e7422de8cba245910c5da577351ba950d/_DSF0968.jpg" /> <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/db9df4880df996e86ee5f26046769829fd3a294ad7838b61345e89d4e2bb6be6/_DSF2057.jpg" data-mid="191134055" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/db9df4880df996e86ee5f26046769829fd3a294ad7838b61345e89d4e2bb6be6/_DSF2057.jpg" /> https://alejandrosgarrido.net/City-of-London Wed, 12 Feb 2020 10:43:22 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/City-of-London LEER EN&nbsp;CASTELLANO&nbsp;︎︎︎ City of LondonLONDON, 2018–19 SPEC SHEET BELOW ︎︎︎ <img width="750" height="500" width_o="750" height_o="500" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2aeafcabfccbcc09e0769a35a68f0bbda4671e615c36f10ea97f3e5846cf6133/City-of-London-View-2.jpeg" data-mid="191231169" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/750/i/2aeafcabfccbcc09e0769a35a68f0bbda4671e615c36f10ea97f3e5846cf6133/City-of-London-View-2.jpeg" /> Abstract The series City of London explores the financial heart of London as an example of the grandiosity with which power asserts itself through urban form. The work highlights the symbolic and architectural interweaving between the historic and financial city. The City, as it is presented to us today, is the result of the economic paradigm shift that in the 1980s led to the liberalization of the banking system, placing finance at the center of the economic board. Faced with the loss of British influence in the global economy after the disintegration of the Empire and the successive crises of the 1970s, the operational freedom of the financial sector was presented as a matter of necessity. As a financial center, the City serves the dual function of being the economic engine of the nation and the bulwark of British monetary supremacy in the world. As an urban nucleus and architectural ensemble, it maintains an instrumental relationship with the historic city on which it stands and in which it seeks its legitimacy. In the City, an artificial continuity is expressed between the idea of historical progress and neoliberal economic doctrine. The free market as a path to historical realization is an idea that has been skillfully and effectively embodied by architects of the caliber of James Stirling, Richard Rogers, or Norman Foster. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e3e1b52f9464abf44f71e39c3cb465aa32ad529422924bb17e6fb16d6993b776/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_12.jpg" data-mid="191240821" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e3e1b52f9464abf44f71e39c3cb465aa32ad529422924bb17e6fb16d6993b776/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_12.jpg" />The Monument to the Great Fire of London (Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke, 1671), Fish Street Hill. About City of LondonBY ÁLVARO DE LOS ÁNGELES The ceaseless sprawl of today's large cities answers to a financial and market logic that benefits those who have the most, defends those with most ambition and elevates those with fewest scruples. Little heed is paid now to the basic principles of the neo-liberal creed formulated by Alexander Rüstow, &nbsp;who envisaged a 'social market economy in which the state would provide free public education, introduce temporary wage subsidies and impose compulsory unemployment insurance',&nbsp; and would 'regulate unbridled business growth and combat inequality through the imposition of inheritance tax', in order to achieve 'a living situation that was as satisfying as possible.'1 Rather, the new brand of neo-liberalism has taken it upon itself to negate and dismantle such principles to such an extent as to turn them into the very antithesis of that vision.If there is one thing culture must strive for, it is to preserve the meaning of terms and words, to prevent them – as Marie José Mondzain puts it – from being 'confiscated', alongside images and time.2 It is precisely for that reason that contemporary visual art needs to draw attention to those frictions that are preventing it from developing normally, or, even worse, that are furthering an impeded development, subrogated to and dependent upon economic power as an established and assumed regulatory norm. Granted, culture is an industry, and as such it impacts and nourishes all those who are involved in it. However, that does not mean that we should take for granted that it is also a business, established by a minority who seek to exploit the weakness of culture itself, with its principles of public service and shared generosity. In her 2014 acceptance speech to the National Book Foundation on being awarded the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, author Ursula K. Le Guin said: 'We live in capitalism, its power seems inescapable – but then, so did the divine right of kings. Any human power can be resisted and changed by human beings. Resistance and change often begin in art'. This idea forms the starting point for Alejandro S. Garrido's City of London (2018-2019). The series is made up of twenty-eight black and white documentary-type photos of different scenes around the City of London. The pictures are clear, descriptive and apparently simple. Everything in them appears to be taking place normally. Indeed, there is no reason to think otherwise. The pictures show the urban and architectural transformation of twentieth-century London, standing alongside the edifices of previous centuries. And yet the proportions are out of control. The progressive expansion of London stands in contrast to the existing array of low-built private homes, a few large town houses, some churches and other constructions just a few storeys high; the spread is not confined to horizontal growth and infill; it is predominantly upward. Steel and glass skyscrapers rise triumphantly above all else, epitomising what Byung-Chul Han has called 'polished cities'3, those new societies that 'offer no resistance'. Indeed they far surpass the long-held unwritten limit whereby no building was allowed to exceed the height of St. Paul's Cathedral.The title of each work identifies the exact location of the shot, together with details of each building, including its name, the company or institution it represents, its nickname (The Cheesegrater, Can of Ham, The Gherkin, etc.), the architect and the year of construction. The information helps to explain the City of London's historical importance as a financial zone over the centuries. It also documents its frenetic expansion with the construction of new skyscrapers since the beginning of the twenty-first century, many of which were still being built when the photos were taken in 2018-2019. In other words, it shows the way London has gone from being the capital of an expanded British Empire to a self-contained globalised empire and the conflicts this situation has created, especially with regard to the most sensitive aspect of the whole process: access to housing for local citizens. The scenes depict a strange naturalness. The passers-by, the people walking or riding different forms of transport through the streets, all appear to be posing; it is as if they were taken from a film set, akin to Jeff Wall's constructed images or some ghostly variant of the Parisians immortalized by Atget. However, one can see that this natural form of acting is something as simple and, at the same time, as complex as life itself, passing incessantly before our eyes. All we need to do is pay a little attention – as Alejandro S. Garrido does with his attentive gaze – to turn it into an extraordinary event. 1. Ebeling, Richard M. (2021). ‘El Neoliberalismo Nunca Estuvo Relacionado con el Libre Mercado’. Fundación Internacional Bases. Retrieved 14 January 2025.)2. Mondzain, Marie José. (2023). Confiscación. De las palabras, de las imágenes y del tiempo. Pre-Textos.3. Han, Byung-Chul. (2015). La salvación de lo bello. [Saving Beauty] Herder. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7eed08483d86ed26fa4f596c5e62d65561a52f51a4c573b2f2d318a759125768/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_01.jpg" data-mid="191240045" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7eed08483d86ed26fa4f596c5e62d65561a52f51a4c573b2f2d318a759125768/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_01.jpg" /> In the background, left to right: Leadenhall Street towards Lime Square with St Mary Axe; 52 Lime Street (The Scalpel, Kohn Pedersen Fox, 2018), 122 Leadenhall Street (‘The Cheesegrater’, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, 2014), and 22 Bishopsgate (PLP Architects, under construction). In the foreground: St Katharine Cree (unknown architect, 1630). <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/20854f1f8c516adc580851f7f93b646d2b051f44efef0c6a6211f8f3cc93ba6e/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_02.jpg" data-mid="191240097" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/20854f1f8c516adc580851f7f93b646d2b051f44efef0c6a6211f8f3cc93ba6e/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_02.jpg" /> St Paul’s Cathedral (Christopher Wren, 1720) and One New Change (Jean Nouvel, 2010), seen from the intersection of Watling Street and Bread Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/262340dc01b5cf8a6238d719f1f25fb9d2dbfab05ab4f9ec06e5d6cc522db559/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_03.jpg" data-mid="191240119" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/262340dc01b5cf8a6238d719f1f25fb9d2dbfab05ab4f9ec06e5d6cc522db559/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_03.jpg" /> View of Liverpool Street from Liverpool Street Train Station. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/115c2224881b0b48dedb27ef7ce19de0a47d94e7ccd5f0b13a9ad914c3e44052/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_04.jpg" data-mid="191240158" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/115c2224881b0b48dedb27ef7ce19de0a47d94e7ccd5f0b13a9ad914c3e44052/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_04.jpg" /> 30 St Mary Axe (‘The Gherkin’, Foster + Partners, 2003), seen from Mark Lane looking towards Fenchurch Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a2c091ce7403acaef259393d1d336d1a921c98fb091d5c90f8afa5a2e6ef56b3/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_05.jpg" data-mid="191240223" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a2c091ce7403acaef259393d1d336d1a921c98fb091d5c90f8afa5a2e6ef56b3/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_05.jpg" /> The A10 stretch leading to Norton Folgate and Bishopsgate, seen from Shoreditch High Street at the intersection with Commercial Street and Great Eastern Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ea3b120c7376a8b94310d7756bfd9b01f4a0f5c3acd61c5a4a61fef5f4195855/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_06.jpg" data-mid="191240331" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ea3b120c7376a8b94310d7756bfd9b01f4a0f5c3acd61c5a4a61fef5f4195855/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_06.jpg" /> Bank Junction, seen from Mansion House Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e8b7a45cc8315c1857adb2bedf9404505c68b83c3190b2920196b23d6e763644/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_07.jpg" data-mid="191240403" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e8b7a45cc8315c1857adb2bedf9404505c68b83c3190b2920196b23d6e763644/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_07.jpg" /> Bank Junction, seen from the Royal Exchange. From left to right: Mansion House (official residence of the Lord Mayor, George Dance the Elder, 1739), One Poultry (James Stirling, 1997), 1 Princes Street (former National Provincial Bank building, Edwin Cooper, 1932), and Threadneedle Street (Bank of England; George Sampson, 1734 / John Soane, 1828 / Herbert Baker, 1939). Monuments: Equestrian Statue of the Duke of Wellington (Francis Leggett Chantrey, 1844) and the London Troops War Memorial (Alfred Drury and Aston Webb, 1920). <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/28e596bbf27aaaabd3a8ecba52b4332a9b37ac9deeb8aa80ac8c0a376a2504a4/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_08.jpg" data-mid="191240524" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/28e596bbf27aaaabd3a8ecba52b4332a9b37ac9deeb8aa80ac8c0a376a2504a4/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_08.jpg" /> View of 110 Bishopsgate (the Heron Tower, Kohn Pedersen Fox, 2011) and 70 St Mary Axe (the ‘Can of Ham’, Foggo Associates, 2019), seen from Bevis Marks. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/28586e3ccab524f8094fe4f978f0ff0a7790a3d18b95cb0df978294bcb864de8/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_09.jpg" data-mid="191240635" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/28586e3ccab524f8094fe4f978f0ff0a7790a3d18b95cb0df978294bcb864de8/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_09.jpg" /> Bishopsgate at the intersection with Brushfield Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b17aa5e3aafab74ea68b72104743913d2617f75e6e6871168eedaedecf0ad671/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_10.jpg" data-mid="191240780" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b17aa5e3aafab74ea68b72104743913d2617f75e6e6871168eedaedecf0ad671/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_10.jpg" /> 30 Fenchurch Street (Plantation Place, Arup Associates, 2004), seen from Eastcheap at the intersection with Rood Lane. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c4b8fb8362fed105cea720840be67216771a5980c96db6ab381145d577cfb44e/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_11.jpg" data-mid="191240815" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c4b8fb8362fed105cea720840be67216771a5980c96db6ab381145d577cfb44e/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_11.jpg" /> View from Eldon Street with Broad Street. On the left in the foreground, 100 Liverpool Street (Hopkins Architects, under construction). In the background from left to right: 99 Bishopsgate (GMW Architects, Gollins Melvin Ward, 1976), 22 Bishopsgate (PLP Architects, under construction), and 25 Old Broad Street (Tower 42 / NatWest Tower, Richard Seifert, 1980). <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5bcd30b766e59eb65a959f3070fb651d75100144e8be1c78a63dcebb32b56167/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_13.jpg" data-mid="191240858" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5bcd30b766e59eb65a959f3070fb651d75100144e8be1c78a63dcebb32b56167/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_13.jpg" /> View of Queen Victoria Street with Cannon Street. From left to right: 45 Cannon Street (Fletcher Priest, 2016), St Mary Aldermary (Christopher Wren, 1704), 22 Bishopsgate (PLP Architects, under construction), and 3 Queen Victoria Street (Bloomberg European HQ, Foster + Partners, 2017). <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2fe61df350d54a970be1dc7357dd5dd0ec80d73c8d62c0c4068f50b6400e797d/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_14.jpg" data-mid="191240955" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2fe61df350d54a970be1dc7357dd5dd0ec80d73c8d62c0c4068f50b6400e797d/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_14.jpg" /> 60 Queen Victoria Street (Foggo Associates, 1999) and 3 Queen Victoria Street (Bloomberg European HQ, Foster + Partners, 2017), seen from Watling Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4baabdfa5ea6a0e75839c23f6d8dfb29f3c60a30bcc1f2db24a992faedce9db1/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_15.jpg" data-mid="191241109" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4baabdfa5ea6a0e75839c23f6d8dfb29f3c60a30bcc1f2db24a992faedce9db1/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_15.jpg" /> 1 Lime Street (The Lloyd’s Building, Richard Rogers, 1986), seen from Leadenhall Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4a1a41a4dbd77fd8a0ebe00b15d46bc8dd0dd3471d0c4b94fefcdfaee0a1f1da/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_16.jpg" data-mid="191241145" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4a1a41a4dbd77fd8a0ebe00b15d46bc8dd0dd3471d0c4b94fefcdfaee0a1f1da/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_16.jpg" /> Ropemaker Street at the intersection with Moorgate and Finsbury Pavement, seen from South Place. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/175195bf1952b50f149dde805c485511fa56c80e035992f2b086c666eb8fe9d0/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_17.jpg" data-mid="191241177" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/175195bf1952b50f149dde805c485511fa56c80e035992f2b086c666eb8fe9d0/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_17.jpg" /> View from London Wall at the intersection with Moorgate. From left to right: 1 Coleman Street (Swanke Hayden Connell Architects, 2007), London Wall Place (Make Architects, 2017), and Moor House (Foster + Partners, 2005). <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4c05bef9dc214b443f1ffee70a8cba817cbb2c1748669af3539350051852370d/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_18.jpg" data-mid="191241182" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4c05bef9dc214b443f1ffee70a8cba817cbb2c1748669af3539350051852370d/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_18.jpg" /> 110 Bishopsgate (the Heron Tower, Kohn Pedersen Fox, 2011) and a section of the Bishopsgate Pedway from Tower 42 to New Broad Street House, seen from Wormwood Street at the intersection with Old Broad Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3bb237238bcbda7671a8dc55d2f5420d19af8bd95eae7819bb52f0bf981b0964/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_19.jpg" data-mid="191241201" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3bb237238bcbda7671a8dc55d2f5420d19af8bd95eae7819bb52f0bf981b0964/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_19.jpg" /> View of Liverpool Street Station’s wall (Edward Wilson and Lucas Brothers, 1874) in Sun Street Passage. 25 Old Broad Street (Tower 42 / NatWest Tower, Richard Seifert, 1980) is in the background, with 5 Broadgate (UBS HQ, Make Architects, 2015) on the right. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3695e476f7d8cb8ff1f5847609d6633755940ea3f61c346f08c60cf7723d3db3/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_20.jpg" data-mid="191241203" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3695e476f7d8cb8ff1f5847609d6633755940ea3f61c346f08c60cf7723d3db3/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_20.jpg" /> View of London Wall. From left to right: 1 Great Winchester Street (Winchester House, Deutsche Bank HQ, David Walker Architects, 1998), 119 London Wall (Moor House, Foster + Partners, 2005), and All Hallows-on-the-Wall (George Dance the Younger, 1776). <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a91cf40a900449733279b9cebc341d3b98f95f15a7eca5ae46844692b08f848e/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_21.jpg" data-mid="191241437" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a91cf40a900449733279b9cebc341d3b98f95f15a7eca5ae46844692b08f848e/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_21.jpg" /> 22 Bishopsgate (PLP Architects, under construction) and 122 Leadenhall Street (‘The Cheesegrater’, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, 2014), seen through the plot left after the demolition of 6–8 Bishopsgate and 150 Leadenhall Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/936e422f7b92d560e8a726be9dd99fcbf465dfe1eb1b0bda20f7734b2b749b79/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_22.jpg" data-mid="191241462" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/936e422f7b92d560e8a726be9dd99fcbf465dfe1eb1b0bda20f7734b2b749b79/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_22.jpg" /> 1 Ropemaker Street (CityPoint, F. Milton Cashmore and H. N. W. Grosvenor, 1967 / Refurbished by Sheppard Robson, 2000), seen through 1 London Wall Place (Make Architects, 2017) from London Wall. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/02e02e2fdf0de27ea63a2cf73b5761e057a7af0848a0641f94c5fd9d0a1c5cc6/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_23.jpg" data-mid="191241534" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/02e02e2fdf0de27ea63a2cf73b5761e057a7af0848a0641f94c5fd9d0a1c5cc6/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_23.jpg" /> Walbrook and Bucklersbury, seen from Queen Victoria Street. From left to right: 1 Queen Victoria Street (City of London Magistrates' Court, New Zealand Bank between 1889–1988), St Stephen Walbrook Church (Reconstruction by Christopher Wren in 1679 after the Great Fire), New Court (Rothschild’s Bank London HQ, OMA, 2011), and 3 Queen Victoria Street (Bloomberg European HQ, Foster + Partners, 2017). <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ecca5d2e60ef5f2dfd914d44b29ee37b13e13a80eb4b63910025d87ee3aa1821/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_24.jpg" data-mid="191241596" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ecca5d2e60ef5f2dfd914d44b29ee37b13e13a80eb4b63910025d87ee3aa1821/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_24.jpg" /> The A10 stretch from Gracechurch Street and Eastcheap to Bishopsgate. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/767cffaae617a01a937f6611df2b8897f8f0f0644efdaa030c74a09f3d723e72/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_25.jpg" data-mid="191241606" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/767cffaae617a01a937f6611df2b8897f8f0f0644efdaa030c74a09f3d723e72/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_25.jpg" /> 1–2 Broadgate (Arup Associates, 1987 / the building is set to be vacated mid-2020; a new interior development by Allford Hall Monaghan Morris has been commissioned) and 5 Broadgate (UBS HQ, Make Architects, 2015) in the Broadgate Estate, seen from Whitecross Place and Finsbury Avenue. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5693073d1b3c6ef970fa6906d12e9780e6607ef2067d1eab89778d36fad71c98/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_26.jpg" data-mid="191241702" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5693073d1b3c6ef970fa6906d12e9780e6607ef2067d1eab89778d36fad71c98/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_26.jpg" /> Works on the Bank Station capacity upgrade (completion expected 2021), seen from Cannon Street. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5f113c1b4d43a3d85dead9476d8d086181744134804a2c1994d8fbf09ff9221a/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_27.jpg" data-mid="191241783" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5f113c1b4d43a3d85dead9476d8d086181744134804a2c1994d8fbf09ff9221a/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_27.jpg" /> Construction works for the new 101 Moorgate commercial and retail development above Crossrail Liverpool Street Station, seen from a Barbican high walk. <img width="1417" height="945" width_o="1417" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6168611db58f906821904a051bd9f517a1b50acfb9b9d4cbc574cdf199926798/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_28.jpg" data-mid="191241804" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6168611db58f906821904a051bd9f517a1b50acfb9b9d4cbc574cdf199926798/City-of-London_Alejandro-S.-Garrido_28.jpg" /> Christopher Street and Clifton Street through Crown Place to Sun Street. From left to right: Finsbury Market Substation, 30 Crown Place (Pinsent Masons HQ, Horden Cherry Lee, HCL Architects, 2009), 10 Crown Place (MacCormac Jamieson Prichard, MJP Architects, 1999), and 5 Broadgate (UBS HQ, Make Architects, 2015). &nbsp; CITY OF LONDON, 2018–19Series of 28 black and white photographsArchival pigment prints on RC paper Chrome aluminum frameImage: 28 x 19.5 cm / Frame: 52 x 43.5 cmEdition of 5 + 2 AP https://alejandrosgarrido.net/White-By-Night-1 Tue, 16 Jun 2026 15:32:13 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/White-By-Night-1 LEER EN&nbsp;CASTELLANO ︎︎︎ White by NightLONDON – 2017 / 26 SPEC SHEET BELOW&nbsp;︎︎︎ <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9b89e9a99525510c51dd510207d0858ee2bdceec3e0e0e74c30f8121d99edfa4/DSCF5928.png" data-mid="249510797" border="0" data-scale="66" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9b89e9a99525510c51dd510207d0858ee2bdceec3e0e0e74c30f8121d99edfa4/DSCF5928.png" /> This small collection of photographs, taken between two and three in the morning in the streets and roads of Peckham, records the thirty-minute walk from my place of work at the time and my first room in London. The neighbourhood had a bad reputation, having been one of the epicentres of the 2011 riots, whose aftermath still felt very present. I worked a minimum-wage job in a nearby pub: a place favoured by Goldsmiths students and hipsters who were beginning to move into the area. Traditionally working-class Peckham had a rich migrant community, mostly Nigerian, and the saying went that the neighbourhood was "black by day and white by night". The arrival of late-night venues, cafés and small restaurants was already heralding the beginnings of gentrification. When I used to finish my shift, a little after closing, the streets were almost empty, but for the usual group smoking outside the pool club that, unlicensed, stayed open until dawn. Or busker Paul who bummed tobacco off me and played guitar up and down Rye Lane for a few coins a night. There were the iPhone thieves, too, stalking the last few stragglers outside the new (but retro) arcade. I had no great ambitions and took pictures for the simple pleasure of it, never more than one or two shots a night. Many of them I later discarded, perhaps because I was feeling out of place myself at that time, suspended between the white nights and the black days, not really belonging to either. Just a white guy and his camera... who, every night, for an instant, claimed the place for himself. Over time, I began working on the series about the City, put these photographs away, didn't think about them again. Years later, returning to Peckham to work on the new series, the images resurfaced as the trace of a city, and of a time, that has already disappeared. ASG, May 2026 (Trans. Marta Génova) <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/15c2c58f7e5963b905884fb1e52d0eed83a9aedc3c9d4aded4b44b7c437f2e3d/_DSF8690.jpg" data-mid="249511289" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/15c2c58f7e5963b905884fb1e52d0eed83a9aedc3c9d4aded4b44b7c437f2e3d/_DSF8690.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1024" width_o="1535" height_o="1024" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/418d783c60bd4f3b3ee4717298815f62a8be59e36421e89b0c1d24e1f91c5635/_DSF8694.jpg" data-mid="249511290" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/418d783c60bd4f3b3ee4717298815f62a8be59e36421e89b0c1d24e1f91c5635/_DSF8694.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/540029d929d42850566b1805f159bf40fb8602fe0a1dd8347d4630fd90dfc1df/_DSF9629.jpg" data-mid="249511302" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/540029d929d42850566b1805f159bf40fb8602fe0a1dd8347d4630fd90dfc1df/_DSF9629.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a5f06a2786ca964263124a45b2651c4f24a4fac6458a801ef4d18942b13fecda/_DSF9626.jpg" data-mid="249511301" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a5f06a2786ca964263124a45b2651c4f24a4fac6458a801ef4d18942b13fecda/_DSF9626.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1aba3d59e633b91f93fc912f8ff1a5c4518bfb63983d4f551444ef1decb6f67d/_DSF8719.jpg" data-mid="249511291" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1aba3d59e633b91f93fc912f8ff1a5c4518bfb63983d4f551444ef1decb6f67d/_DSF8719.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/56b1e3304cbddfcbced52cd7bd999d3f899517f1a8c1f269b148f56268847736/_DSF8754.jpg" data-mid="249511293" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/56b1e3304cbddfcbced52cd7bd999d3f899517f1a8c1f269b148f56268847736/_DSF8754.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/264d611fb581d316bac768c4811721657d40fdc86ae16d4fa228e704064901ef/_DSF9648.jpg" data-mid="249511304" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/264d611fb581d316bac768c4811721657d40fdc86ae16d4fa228e704064901ef/_DSF9648.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/700af4efb13e4b3f8a4c1198c133026bebcc1cdfeccf024068fae71c54da57d3/_DSF9601.jpg" data-mid="249511299" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/700af4efb13e4b3f8a4c1198c133026bebcc1cdfeccf024068fae71c54da57d3/_DSF9601.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/366edd6382cd06556a81f5f22469670cd807cb4eeb2175a91766987efaa24ab3/_DSF9560.jpg" data-mid="249511297" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/366edd6382cd06556a81f5f22469670cd807cb4eeb2175a91766987efaa24ab3/_DSF9560.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1024" width_o="1535" height_o="1024" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3e3989e3d0a18b4b90df80117a27608c0f81903a1c3879b2970081338dd1ac52/_DSF9612.jpg" data-mid="249511300" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3e3989e3d0a18b4b90df80117a27608c0f81903a1c3879b2970081338dd1ac52/_DSF9612.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9eb6615e02f84ce96e509b1a455fa05dd623f1ed577a3b4a4d19ea14782be94d/_DSF9534.jpg" data-mid="249511295" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9eb6615e02f84ce96e509b1a455fa05dd623f1ed577a3b4a4d19ea14782be94d/_DSF9534.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1024" width_o="1535" height_o="1024" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c42d1a198783942eab3e1c4b6a8ae4e22f4c204a450f0416adb79f1840887afa/_DSF9642.jpg" data-mid="249511303" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c42d1a198783942eab3e1c4b6a8ae4e22f4c204a450f0416adb79f1840887afa/_DSF9642.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1d44ee8b0b52e27790845021965cb9923c30245d294a636fa3fc92033d3cd8b0/_DSF9551.jpg" data-mid="249511296" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1d44ee8b0b52e27790845021965cb9923c30245d294a636fa3fc92033d3cd8b0/_DSF9551.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a732159c6bd65b09338b8d82b24917ea9cd325e63ed0c9ac1db5ae343c9d7e9c/_DSF8783.jpg" data-mid="249511294" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a732159c6bd65b09338b8d82b24917ea9cd325e63ed0c9ac1db5ae343c9d7e9c/_DSF8783.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cc4495dc5273d6baf8817001d4133b91c3205b825999997a00f8d44f3215c959/_DSF9581.jpg" data-mid="249511298" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cc4495dc5273d6baf8817001d4133b91c3205b825999997a00f8d44f3215c959/_DSF9581.jpg" /> <img width="1535" height="1023" width_o="1535" height_o="1023" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/234530c187fe197da8232f7bef1bbe1224638a4c54790ed16a2f7bde2eff9f14/_DSF9654.jpg" data-mid="249511305" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/234530c187fe197da8232f7bef1bbe1224638a4c54790ed16a2f7bde2eff9f14/_DSF9654.jpg" /> WHITE BY NIGHT, 2017 Series of 16 black and white photographsArchival pigment prints on RC paper Image: 18 x 12 cm / Frame: 33 x 33 cm Unique print (Printed in 2017 / Framed in 2026) https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Corea-A-Parallel-Story Sun, 08 Feb 2015 20:37:28 +0000 alejandrosgarrido https://alejandrosgarrido.net/Corea-A-Parallel-Story Corea. Una historia paralela (&nbsp;Corea. A Parallel Story&nbsp;) —&nbsp;2015 / 17 <img width="750" height="500" width_o="750" height_o="500" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d860f2745d5ecf394c91cf1abf64a21918b1bffd1dd3e78a3b27b016e827ac12/Vista-Corea-1.jpeg" data-mid="138265733" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/750/i/d860f2745d5ecf394c91cf1abf64a21918b1bffd1dd3e78a3b27b016e827ac12/Vista-Corea-1.jpeg" /> Sinopsis En la primera mitad de la década de 1950 se producen en España dos acontecimientos de resonancia asimétrica en la historia. El primero de ellos, la firma de los acuerdos bilaterales con los Estados Unidos, los Pactos de Madrid de 1953, que en pleno auge de la guerra fría condicionarán el desarrollo posterior de la política española, durante y tras la dictadura, al menos hasta el definitivo ingreso en la OTAN en 1986. El segundo emerge a la sombra del primero como una anécdota que, en apariencia, carece de significado histórico. Por todo el Estado se están inaugurando proyectos de urbanización marginal, viviendas sociales que apenas serán capaces de contener la llegada a las ciudades de los que abandonan el campo o los que, sencillamente, se apiñan en casas insalubres. Recibirán el nombre del dictador (Barriada de Francisco Franco, Grupo Generalísimo Franco) o el de una virgen (La del Perpetuo Socorro, La Inmaculada), pero no tardarán en ser reconocidos por otro nombre, el de la guerra contra el comunismo que libra, en el confín del mundo, el amigo americano: “Corea”. Diseminados por el territorio (Huesca, La Coruña, León, Toledo, Palencia o Palma de Mallorca), los barrios de “Corea” conformarán un archipiélago de sospecha y miedo. En su función institucionalizada demarcarán el umbral entre la pertenencia socialmente aceptable y su afuera. Ser “coreanos” significará existir en el límite social. Sujetos por el insulto, sujetos por la violencia nominativa que se inscribe en los cuerpos y los pone en su lugar. En un vaivén perverso entra la inclusión y la exclusión: lo mismo víctimas de la miseria y la ignorancia, que amenaza para el imperio del orden moral dominante. El nombre de “Corea” va a inaugurar un infrasujeto cuya abyección y estigma han perdurado en el tiempo, atravesando la historia reciente del país. Abstract Two events of asymmetric historic relevance took place in Spain in the first half of the 1950s. First, the signing of the Bilateral Agreement for Mutual Defense with the USA, the Pact of Madrid of 1953, signed during the rise of the Cold War. It shaped the development of Spanish politics, during and after the dictatorship, to a certain degree, until the country attained NATO membership in 1986. The second event materialized as a historically insignificant anecdote, in the shade of the first. All over the nation, marginal urbanisation projects opened, social housing that could barely contain the massive flood of people leaving the countryside for the cities or those who huddle simply in unsanitary homes. They were named after the dictator (Francisco Franco) or a Virgin (La del Perpetuo Socorro, La Inmaculada) but it did not take long before they were known by a different name, taking that of the war against communism led by the American friend half-way around the world: “Corea”. Scattered over the Spanish territory (Huesca, La Coruña, León, Toledo, Palencia o Palma de Mallorca), the “Corea” neighbourhoods form an archipielago of suspicion and fear. Their institutional role demarcates the threshold between socially acceptable belonging and the outside of it. To be “coreanos” means to exist on the edge of the social. Subjects in insult, subject to a nominal violence that inscribes the bodies and puts then in their place. A perverse to and fro from inclusion to exclusion: both victims of misery and ignorance and threat to the rule of a dominant moral order. The name “Corea” inaugurates an infra-subject whose abjection and stigma have endured in recent Spanish history. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e70fe7b35ffb698d7c54b86fa82b2870a33a6130d825b78bd67aa2ba42e1ee26/GARRIDO_01.jpg" data-mid="135545272" border="0" alt="Grupo de viviendas del 25 de Marzo (d&iacute;a de la Ofensiva Final del bando sublevado durante la Guerra Civil), &quot;Corea&quot;. Barrio del Perpetuo Socorro, Huesca. &mdash;&nbsp;25 de Marzo housing estate (named after the date of the final offensive by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War: March 25, 1939), &ldquo;Corea&rdquo;. Perpetuo Socorro neighbourhood, Huesca." data-caption="Grupo de viviendas del 25 de Marzo (día de la Ofensiva Final del bando sublevado durante la Guerra Civil), &quot;Corea&quot;. Barrio del Perpetuo Socorro, Huesca. —&nbsp;25 de Marzo housing estate (named after the date of the final offensive by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War: March 25, 1939), “Corea”. Perpetuo Socorro neighbourhood, Huesca." src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e70fe7b35ffb698d7c54b86fa82b2870a33a6130d825b78bd67aa2ba42e1ee26/GARRIDO_01.jpg" /> Grupo de viviendas del 25 de Marzo (nombrado en conmemoración de día de la Ofensiva Final del bando sublevado durante la Guerra Civil), "Corea". Barrio del Perpetuo Socorro, Huesca. 25 de Marzo housing estate (named after the date of the final offensive by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War: March 25, 1939), “Corea”. Perpetuo Socorro neighbourhood, Huesca. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b42de1f582f58c1e7e46876257728f703251a731098ff6afa1291c9e1ba11224/GARRIDO_03.jpg" data-mid="135545274" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b42de1f582f58c1e7e46876257728f703251a731098ff6afa1291c9e1ba11224/GARRIDO_03.jpg" /> Retratos de la familia Campoy como parte de una colección de llaveros emprendida por uno de sus miembros. Domicilio particular. Inmediaciones de "Corea". Barriada de la Asunción, León. Portraits of the Campoy family as part of a key-ring collection organised by a member of the family. Private home. In the vicinity of “Corea”. La Asunción neighbourhood, León. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0c4210ecd97e27c3e5448f72d5a2525ffc0308559568bf1a4c4527c6300c6e36/_DSF0261_51.jpg" data-mid="135545339" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0c4210ecd97e27c3e5448f72d5a2525ffc0308559568bf1a4c4527c6300c6e36/_DSF0261_51.jpg" /> Documentación catastral del grupo de viviendas Francisco Franco, barriada de «Corea». Única documentación conservada sobre el barrio en el Archivo Histórico Provincial de Palencia. Land registry documents for the Francisco Franco housing estate, “Corea”. The only documents about the neighbourhood still kept in the Provincial Historic Archive of Palencia. Palencia, 18 de diciembre de 1955 ( Palencia. December 18, 1955 ) Domingo. 10:30 h de la mañana. Barriada de Francisco Franco, «Corea». Concluidas, tras cuatro años de trabajos, las obras de edificación, tiene lugar, al otro lado de las vías, el acto de entrega de llaves a los beneficiarios. Hasta allí se han desplazado esta mañana, dejando la comodidad del centro de la ciudad, el Ayuntamiento en pleno, las autoridades sindicales, y algunos empresarios y promotores involucrados. Los actos religiosos oficiados, en esta ocasión, por el obispo de la diócesis, José Souto Vizoso, inauguran la jornada. Día festivo en la plaza del Generalísimo. Misa de campaña, panegírico del Bautista y bendición de las casas. Premio a la gracia del mejor peinado, al más valioso mantón de Manila. Beso a la reliquia, ramas de tomillo del monte y orquesta, y chotis danzón, y niños pedigüeños con platillo y estampa de Santa Rita. ¡Una perra pa’ San Juanillo! La Obra Sindical del Hogar brinda cuatro becerras que morirán a estoque por productores del gremio y sus cuadrillas, cinco flamantes bicicletas y, al productor que demuestre mayor antigüedad en la misma empresa, trescientas pesetas; trescientas para el que lleve mayor número de años afiliado al Sindicato de la Construcción y al del Vidrio y Cerámica; trescientas al que tenga mayor número de hijos vivos menores de catorce años; trescientas al trabajador fijo más antiguo en cualquier grupo de producción con mayor número de hijos trabajando para empresas encuadradas en esa rama sindical; trescientas al más veterano en activo; doscientas canjeables por productos en comercios de la capital para los diez que sean agraciados por sorteo; cincuenta para veinte afortunados al azar. (...) Un total de 628 familias acceden a las nuevas viviendas, la mayoría provenientes del éxodo rural. Algunas de estas personas se ven obligadas, para calentarse en invierno, a recoger clandestinamente el carbón caído en las vías del tren. Su situación de carestía les obliga también, en muchas ocasiones, a recurrir al Auxilio Social de la Sección Femenina y a las parroquias donde se reparte, desde el convenio bilateral con Estados Unidos en 1953, leche en polvo y galletas. Sunday. 10.30 in the morning. Francisco Franco neighbourhood, “Corea”. After four years’ work, the building is finished and it is time for the ceremony of handing over the keys to the recipients on the other side of the track. All members of the City Council, the union representatives and some business owners and developers who have been involved have all come out here this morning, leaving the comfort of the city centre. The religious ceremony officiated today by the Bishop of the diocese, José Souto Vizoso, starts the proceedings. A feast day in the Plaza del Generalísimo. Open-air mass, eulogy of St John the Baptist and blessing the homes. A prize for the best hair-do, for the most beautiful Manila shawl. Kissing the relic, bunches of wild thyme and dancing the chotis and kids scrounging with a collection plate and picture cards of Santa Rita. A copper for San Juanillo! The Obra Sindical del Hogar&nbsp;1 provides four bull calves that will die in a bullfight at the hand of guild members and their squad, five shiny new bicycles and three hundred pesetas for the producer who has been longest in the same company; plus three hundred for whoever has been the longest serving member in the Building Union and Glass and Ceramic Union; three hundred for whoever has the most living children under fourteen years old; three hundred to the oldest permanent worker in any production group with the most children working for firms in the same Union branch; three hundred to the oldest person still working; two hundred to spend on products in local businesses for ten raffle winners; fifty for twenty lucky ones. (...) A total of 628 families have access to the new homes, most of them coming from the rural exodus. Some of these people find themselves obliged to secretly collect coal fallen on the railway tracks to keep warm in the winter. Their precarious situation means they often have to resort to Social Aid from the Sección Femenina and to the parish church where since the bilateral agreement with the United States in 1953, powdered milk and biscuits are handed out. 1. Falangist Union for Home Welfare <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/090c896fba853917a3d3e955d9fecb2e730c76b1f78b46ae980c668b4cba8907/GARRIDO_04.jpg" data-mid="135545275" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/090c896fba853917a3d3e955d9fecb2e730c76b1f78b46ae980c668b4cba8907/GARRIDO_04.jpg" /> Sala de ocio compartido en el local de la asociación de vecinos. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Barrio del Perpetuo Socorro. Huesca.&nbsp; Communal recreation room in the premises of the residents’ association. In the vicinity of “Corea”. Perpetuo Socorro neighbourhood, Huesca. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4f47cde66812a445823a947a6cb24473967e575898d612c53aa988ae23f88889/GARRIDO_05.jpg" data-mid="135545276" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4f47cde66812a445823a947a6cb24473967e575898d612c53aa988ae23f88889/GARRIDO_05.jpg" /> Vista de una calle en el barrio del Cristo del Otero. Palencia. View of a Street in the Cristo del Otero neighbourhood, Palencia. <img width="1181" height="1575" width_o="1181" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c28b8c9303981eec8db2dc5ae798bb461e0ade1a904e7200e45c70df57b32832/_DSF9165.jpg" data-mid="135545328" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c28b8c9303981eec8db2dc5ae798bb461e0ade1a904e7200e45c70df57b32832/_DSF9165.jpg" /> Recogiendo agua en la fuente del barrio. Archivo de la Parroquia de la Inmaculada, «Corea», León. Collecting water from the neighbourhood's pump. Archive of the La Inmaculada's Parish. "Corea". León. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2b6443e8e8134b9b9b977189cdca43ffeda042bfd12fb45027179ca8e3e876a7/_DSF2015.jpg" data-mid="135545333" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2b6443e8e8134b9b9b977189cdca43ffeda042bfd12fb45027179ca8e3e876a7/_DSF2015.jpg" /> El hospital de León visto desde la barriada de La Inmaculada, "Corea". The León Hospital seen from La Inmaculada neighbourhood, "Corea". León, 18 de julio de 1952&nbsp;(&nbsp;León. July 18, 1952&nbsp;) Día de la conmemoración del decimosexto aniversario del Alzamiento Nacional. (...) Hasta 108 familias numerosas y de bajo nivel de renta disfrutarán de las Casas del Aguinaldo. Estas se han levantado sobre el viejo asentamiento informal que desde principios de siglo habían construido los trabajadores de las pequeñas fábricas cerámicas que proliferaban en la zona. Las Casas del Aguinaldo no cuentan con agua corriente ni alcantarillado; tampoco con instalaciones sanitarias. Debido a la cualidad arcillosa del suelo y a la falta de urbanización, los días de lluvia las calles polvorientas se convierten en lodazales. La superficie total de las viviendas, que cuentan con tres habitaciones y patio, no alcanza los 100 m2. Algunas familias deben convivir con cinco o seis hijos, pues la densidad de población es elevada. La barriada no cuenta con ningún tipo de abastecimiento ni conexión con la ciudad. En su mayoría, los habitantes provienen de zonas rurales en el interior. La barriada no tardará en ser reconocida como «Corea». Años más tarde, tendrán que ser estas familias las que construyan aseos, añadan habitaciones aprovechando los patios o instalen los primeros colectores de aguas residuales. Para el agua corriente tendrán que esperar hasta 1971. La urbanización de las calles no será aprobada hasta 1980. En aquellos años, el barrio contaba ya con una de las asociaciones de vecinos más activas de la ciudad. Antes de la desintegración del movimiento asociativo, lograrán, en 1981, una de sus más importantes vindicaciones: la formalización de la propiedad de las viviendas, que pasará del Ayuntamiento a las familias ocupantes. (...) Memorial Day for the sixteenth anniversary of the Alzamiento Nacional.1&nbsp;(...) Up to 108 large, low-income families will benefit from the Casas del Aguinaldo. They have been built on the old unofficial settlement that the workers of the small, ceramic factories that proliferated in the area had built since the beginning of the century. The Casas del Aguinaldo2 have no running water nor sewers; nor do they have plumbing. Due to the clay in the soil and the lack of urbanisation, on rainy days the dusty streets turn into a quagmire. The overall size of each home, with three rooms and a courtyard is less than 100 m2. Some families have five or six children, so the population density is high. The neighbourhood does not have any kind of services nor connections to the town. On the whole the residents come from rural areas in the centre of the country. It won’t be long before the area is known as “Corea”. Years later it will be these families who have to build bathrooms, add rooms by using the courtyard or install the first waste water pipes. They would have to wait until 1971 to get running water. The paving of the streets will not be approved until 1980. In those days the neighbourhood already had one of the most active residents’ associations in the town.&nbsp;Before the association movement disintegrated, they were to achieve one of their most important claims in 1981: official recognition of home ownership that was to pass from the Council to the resident families. (...)1.&nbsp; National Uprising. 2. Christmas Bonus Homes. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9a82d35df8d49076fc374cf7b68d12b8d9a22e12b9810d8b6db5418351d5bbe4/GARRIDO_06.jpg" data-mid="135545277" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9a82d35df8d49076fc374cf7b68d12b8d9a22e12b9810d8b6db5418351d5bbe4/GARRIDO_06.jpg" /> Gimnasio mixto del Club Deportivo Boxeo Fuerte y Constante, abierto y gestionado por Vicente Barrul, vecino del barrio y boxeador, en el centro cívico del sector Ventas Oeste. Barrio de La Inmaculada, «Corea». León. &nbsp;Mixed gymnasium in the Fuerte y Constante (Strong and Tenacious) Boxing Club, opened and run by Vicente Barrul, resident of the neighbourhood and boxer, in the Civic Centre of the Ventas-Oeste sector. La Inmaculada neighbourhood, “Corea”, León. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/43dc96569697dbdc9f895eaa32d232932220dfc13e758e7db06b48d20f1c4201/GARRIDO_07.jpg" data-mid="135545278" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/43dc96569697dbdc9f895eaa32d232932220dfc13e758e7db06b48d20f1c4201/GARRIDO_07.jpg" /> Bloques de viviendas vistos desde la estación de tren. El tendido divide en dos partes la ciudad, separando los barrios obreros del casco histórico y de las zonas nobles. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Barrio de San Juanillo. Palencia. Residential blocks seen from the train station. The railway line divide the city in two, separating the working-class neighbourhoods from the old town and the more elegant areas. In the vicinity of “Corea”. San Juanillo neighbourhood, Palencia. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/41707a2a644112c1e90cd02399bb215fc358ded46c517b52ea5b0b16fdbd5d94/_DSF4093.jpg" data-mid="135545325" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/41707a2a644112c1e90cd02399bb215fc358ded46c517b52ea5b0b16fdbd5d94/_DSF4093.jpg" /> Cementerio de los caídos del bando sublevado durante la Guerra Civil, junto a la ermita del Cerro de las Mártires. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Huesca. Cemetery for the fallen of the rebel faction during the Civil War, next to the hermitage of Cerro de las Mártires. Vicinity of "Corea". Huesca. &nbsp; Huesca, 22 de junio de 1953&nbsp;( Huesca. June 22, 1953 ) (...) Tras recibir el homenaje de una compañía de infantería acuartelada en la ciudad, Franco acudirá a la recepción oficial en el salón del trono de la Diputación Provincial. Allí esperan el presidente de la misma, Fidel Lapetra, y el alcalde de la ciudad, el falangista José Gil Cávez, quienes le impondrán la medalla de oro de la provincia, el escudo de la ciudad y el título de hijo adoptivo de Huesca. En la catedral, la siguiente parada, aguarda el prelado de la diócesis, Lino Rodrigo Ruesca, quien le impondrá la medalla de Hermano Mayor Honorario de la Cofradía del Santo Cristo de los Milagros y San Lorenzo. Más tarde, el jefe del Estado acudirá al acto de bendición del nuevo edificio del Gobierno Civil. También tendrá tiempo para inaugurar, finalmente, un sanatorio para tuberculosos en las afueras de la ciudad: el Hospital Provincial Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, cuyas obras comenzaron en 1944. Este cuenta con ciento noventa camas para enfermos. Rodeado por los asentamientos chabolistas al pie del Cerro de las Mártires, junto a él será construido el Grupo Pamplona y Blasco (que toma su nombre del Gobernador Civil), las «casetas bajas», origen del barrio del Perpetuo Socorro, en el que serán reubicadas las familias desplazadas del centro por las expropiaciones para la construcción del nuevo palacio episcopal en la plaza de la Catedral. (...) (...) After being paid homage by an infantry company stationed in the town, Franco will attend an official reception in the throne room at the Provincial Government. Waiting for him there will be the President of the local government, Fidel Lapetra, and the town’s mayor, the Falangist José Gil Cávez, who will award him the Provincial gold medal, the town emblem and the title of adopted son of Huesca. Waiting for him at the next stop, the cathedral, is the diocesan prelate, Lino Rodrigo Ruesca, who will award him with the medal of Hermano Mayor Honorario de la Cofradía del Santo Cristo de los Milagros y San Lorenzo&nbsp;1. Later the head of State will attend the blessing of the new Civil Government building. He will also have time to finally inaugurate a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients on the town’s outskirts: the Hospital Provincial Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, the construction of which began in 1944. It has one hundred and ninety beds for the sick. Surrounded by the shanty towns at the foot of the hill known as Cerro de las Mártires, the block known as the Grupo Pamplona y Blasco&nbsp;2 will be built next to it, so-called “low huts” coming from the neighbourhood of Perpetuo Socorro, to rehouse families displaced from the centre by the expropriation of their homes so as to build the new episcopal palace in the Cathedral square. (...) &nbsp;1. Honorary Elder Brother of the Brotherhood of the Holy Christ of Miracles and Saint Lorenzo. 2. Named after the Civil Governor. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b656154a36e2756a4cbf495eaded328dd173d9688e23d38c35b020ec0672f78c/_DSF4109.jpg" data-mid="135545326" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b656154a36e2756a4cbf495eaded328dd173d9688e23d38c35b020ec0672f78c/_DSF4109.jpg" /> Vista del barrio del Perpetuo Socorro (izquierda) y del hospital para tuberculosos Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, inaugurado por Francisco Franco en 1953 (derecha), desde el monumento de 2014 a las víctimas de la represión franquista en el Cerro de las Mártires. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Huesca.“CNT. En recuerdo de todos los antifascistas, hombres y mujeres que sufrieron la represión, la guerra, la cárcel, el exilio y la muerte, para que su vida, lucha y ejemplo no caigan en el olvido.” View of the Perpetuo Socorro neighbourhood (left) and the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Hospital for tuberculosis patients, inaugurated by Francisco Franco in 1953 (right), from the monument to the victims of repression during the Franco regime at Cerro de las Mártires. Vicinity of "Corea". Huesca. "CNT (National Confederation of Labor, Anarchist Union). In memory of all antifascist men and women who suffered repression, war, prison, exile and death, so that their life, struggle and example do not fall into oblivion”. Paralelo 40 Abril de 1963. Ocho años después de que el autor, recién casado, tomase un piso en «Corea», el primero de los grandes bloques que los estadounidenses habitaron en Madrid, la editorial Destino logrará publicar la primera y única edición de Paralelo 40, de José Luis Castillo-Puche. Pocos días después de la aparición de la novela, el historiador, académico de las letras y político fascista Melchor Fernández Almagro, escribirá: «Es una novela documental en el grado necesario para convertirse, llegado el momento, en crónica histórica. De un contacto muy directo con la realidad certísima de la irrupción norteamericana en Madrid». Para entonces, el escritor había logrado alcanzar cierto prestigio en el mundo de las letras: Premio Nacional de Periodismo (1952) y de Novela (1954). En 1956, publicará en Buenos Aires Sin camino (1949), su primera novela, cuyo manuscrito logró salvar de la quema en España, aunque no de la prohibición, al menos hasta 1963, cuando, finalmente, en el contexto de la tímida apertura ejercida por Manuel Fraga como ministro de Información y Turismo, se permitió su distribución. Sin embargo, ni el prestigio ganado, ni las aún estrictas condiciones de censura facilitarán la impresión de Paralelo 40, que será duramente atacada y recortada por la censura. «Demasiado realista», así será descrita la novela en los informes de los censores. April 1963. Eight years after the author, newly married, took a flat in “Corea”, the first of the large blocks that the North Americans inhabited in Madrid, the publisher Destino will manage to publish the first and only edition of Paralelo 40, by José Luis Castillo-Puche. A few days after the novel appeared the historian, arts academic and fascist politician Melchor Fernández Almagro, will write: “This is a documentary novel of the standard required to become, when the time comes, a chronicle of history. It has a very true sense of the reality of the North Americans bursting into Madrid”. At that time the writer had managed to achieve a certain amount of prestige in the literary world: National Prize for Journalism (1952) and for a Novel (1954). In 1956 he will publish his first novel Sin camino (‘Without a way’) in Buenos Aires (1949), having managed to rescue the manuscript from being burnt in Spain, though not from being prohibited, at least not until 1963 when finally with the gentle opening-up practised by Manuel Fraga as Minister of Information and Tourism, its distribution was allowed. However neither the prestige it earned, nor the continuing strict conditions of censorship made it easy for Paralelo 40 to be printed, and it will be harshly criticised and cut by the censors. “Too realistic” was how the censors’ reports described the novel. <img width="1181" height="1668" width_o="1181" height_o="1668" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f8d1142865de053d7f6ce7879a8224cffe20152089ecd4e2180772008517746f/GARRIDO-40.jpg" data-mid="135545290" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f8d1142865de053d7f6ce7879a8224cffe20152089ecd4e2180772008517746f/GARRIDO-40.jpg" /> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;One more block. It was going to look good, maybe less ambitious than others, but more comfortable. Little by little architects and master builders had agreed. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;It was also mainly a house for Americans. They were the only ones who could afford them. They even had air conditioning, like their cars. At first the Americans had lived where they could, in pretty slipshod houses, in which there was hardly an alcove in the office to embed the refrigerators, the tall ones, the almost round ones, the great and sumptuous refrigerators that were the most important piece of furniture for them. The refrigerator for the Americans, more than a domestic object, was a kind of sacred idol. Cooking stoves were eliminated as the Americans did not want them. Now all these houses had electricity or butane gas. The stoves were mere mice catchers anymore. And the floors were now genuine hardwood and not the previous dingy affairs. Construction had arisen in the glow of the mighty dollar —Americans had to be pleased. Realtors, contractors, architects, engineers, had smelled business at once: luxury housing for the Americans, with embedded closets and even a garden terrace. Castillo-Puche, José Luis (1963) Paralelo 40. Barcelona: Destino. Expediente de Censura 1850-62. Paralelo 40. Primer informe. 14 de abril de 1962. «Trata de recoger el impacto de la presencia de tropas americanas en Madrid, describiendo sus fueros y sus desafueros. Particularmente, el contraste de la vida que ellos imponen con la miseria que se respira al lado de su zona residencial. El protagonista, sin embargo, es un español, obrero, resentido, imbuido de ideas revolucionarias, que de continuo está alzando su protesta y sus proyectos de revancha. (...)» Expediente de Censura 1850-62. Paralelo 40. Primer Informe-Anexo. 7 de mayo de 1962. «(...) Un comunista salido de la cárcel, un albañil torvo y resentido, a cuyo padre fusilaron los nacionales. La trama de toda la acción descrita, destacada y novelada la constituye la presencia de los americanos en España, en virtud de “eso tan pomposo como enigmático que se llama tratado hispanoamericano”. Presencia “masiva” de norteamericanos en una España encanallada y sin coraje, con cuarteles generales propios y con bases aéreas y navales exclusivamente suyas, puesto que ni siquiera se alude nunca a la utilización conjunta. Ocupación de una España que ha vendido, sin pena ni gloria y sin ningún provecho y beneficio económico, su soberanía, y en la que privan por sus respetos los soldados rubios y negros a quienes sirven dócil y servilmente muchos indefensos españoles, acuciados por la extrema pobreza de sus hogares, o por su condición de chulos y de rameras y de ninfómanas, o por la carencia de mejores horizontes patrios. (...) »En definitiva, visión de un Madrid y de una España a través del prisma que ofrece la mentalidad demoledora de un rojo español reconcomido por el resentimiento y la derrota de los suyos; de un ácrata inculto, de un albañil sin instrucción ni formación alguna; de un comunista que sirve al Partido azuzando a los españoles contra los norteamericanos, con el pretexto del patriotismo y del sentimiento de independencia nacional, para crear conflictos y dificultades al Régimen actual y así poder ir acercándose a los objetivos que el comunismo internacional persigue en España. (...)» Expediente de Censura 1850-62. Paralelo 40. Segundo Informe. 15 de junio de 1962. «(…) Un juego tremendista de una burda pornografía en maridaje con un insobornable odio político de clase. Lo subconsciente anarco-político y lo freudiano sexual, morboso y vicioso del personaje central —Genaro— y de la mayoría de tipos o figuras plasmadas por el Autor, se percibe en la casi totalidad de la obra, y desde la primera página hasta su último capítulo se pretende dar un aspecto teratológico de nuestro actual momento español. (...)» Expediente de Censura 1850-62. Paralelo 40. Segundo Informe-Anexo. Sin fecha. «(...) Dentro de un marco donde se mezcla la más grosera y manoseada pornografía (...) con los ataques a las clases y estamentos sociales españoles —Iglesia, Clero, Ejército, Sindicatos, clases rectoras, etc.— para llevar el ánimo del lector a la conclusión de que en la España actual no existe una conciencia limpia y sana, y de que todo es trampa, bazofia, mentira y prevaricación. (...)» Censorship File 1850-62. Paralelo 40. First report. April 14, 1962 It tries to capture the impact of the American troops’ presence in Madrid, describing their privileges and their immunity. In particular, the contrast between the life they lead in contrast with the misery that is palpable right next to where they live. The main character, however, is a Spaniard, a labourer, resentful, imbued with revolutionary ideas and who is continuously protesting and seeking revenge. (...)” Censorship File 1850-62. Paralelo 40. Appendix to first report. May 7, 1962 “(...) A communist out of prison, a grim, resentful builder whose father was shot dead by the Nationals. The plot of all the action described, highlighted and made into a novel is about the American presence in Spain, along the lines of ‘this so-called Spanish-American treaty is as pompous as it is enigmatic’. An ‘enormous’ presence of North Americans in a Spain that has prostituted itself and is weak, with its own barracks and air and naval bases that are exclusively theirs, considering there is never even any mention of joint usage. Occupation of a Spain that has sold, without pain or glory and with no financial advantage or benefit, its own sovereignty, and where they are deprived of respect by the blond and black soldiers whom many defenceless Spanish serve meekly, driven by the extreme poverty in their homes, or because they are pimps and whores and nymphomaniacs, or for the lack of better patriotic horizons. (...) In a word, a vision of a Madrid and Spain through the prism offered by the destructive mentality of a Spanish rojo (Red) bearing a grudge out of resentment and the defeat of his side; from an uncouth anarchist, a builder without any kind of education or training; from a Communist who serves the Party inciting the Spanish against the North Americans under the pretext of patriotism and a sentiment of national independence, so as to create conflicts and difficulties with the current Regime and that way be able to get closer to the objectives that international communism is pursuing in Spain. (...)” Censorship File 1850-62. Paralelo 40. Second report. June 15, 1962 “(…) An alarmist trick of crude pornography merged with an incorruptible political hate of class. The anarchic-political subconscious and the Freudian sexual, morbid and vicious nature of the central character&nbsp; —Genaro— and of most of the types and people created by the Author, are seen in nearly the whole work, and from the first page to the last he is trying to dub our current time in Spain as something abnormal. (...)” Censorship File 1850-62. Paralelo 40. Second Report-Appendix. No date. “(…) Within a framework mixing the most vulgar and grubby pornography (…) with attacks on the Spanish social classes and establishments —Church, Clergy, Army, Unions, ruling classes, etc.— to lead the reader to the conclusion that in Spain today no clean, healthy conscience can be found, and that everything is a trap, pigswill, lies and perversion of justice. (...)” <img width="1181" height="913" width_o="1181" height_o="913" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e460dc12dda724476cfbe1ec0a858aa32a918b044f36793e9d40fcfa043dd7bf/Recibimiento-del-general-Francisco-Franco-al-presidente-Eisenhower-en-la-base-aerea-de-Torrejon-de-Ardoz--durante-una-visita-Recovered.jpg" data-mid="135545291" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e460dc12dda724476cfbe1ec0a858aa32a918b044f36793e9d40fcfa043dd7bf/Recibimiento-del-general-Francisco-Franco-al-presidente-Eisenhower-en-la-base-aerea-de-Torrejon-de-Ardoz--durante-una-visita-Recovered.jpg" /> El general Franco saluda mientras el avión del presidente de Estados Unidos aterriza en la base aérea de Torrejón. A la derecha, John Davis Lodge, embajador de Estados Unidos. 21 de diciembre de 1959.NOTA: Las imágenes aquí mostradas provienen del Departamento de Información y Cultura de la Embajada de Estados Unidos en España. El archivo documental cuenta con una colección de 7.000 imágenes de dominio público custodiadas por la Biblioteca del Convento de Trinitarios Descalzos en Alcalá de Henares. Las imágenes fueron desclasificadas en 1991 y entregadas a la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares que, tras digitalizarlas, las puso a disposición del público en 2008. La autoría de las fotografías no figura en el registro de la biblioteca. Todas las imágenes están sujetas a una licencia Creative Commons. General Franco salutes as the United States President's (Dwight D. Eisenhower) plane lands at the Torrejón airbase. On the right, John Davis Lodge, U.S. Ambassador. December 21, 1959. NOTE: The pictures shown here come from the Cultural and Information Department of the United States Embassy in Spain. The document archive has a collection of seven thousand images of public domain kept by the Biblioteca del Convento de Trinitarios Descalzos (the Convent’s library) in Alcalá de Henares. The images were declassified in 1991 and given to the University of Alcalá de Henares. This institution put them into digital format and made them available to the public in 2008. The name of the photographer does not appear in the register. All the images are under a Creative Commons licence. <img width="1217" height="1575" width_o="1217" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e28baf6d7c7963be7761e6e3ed4e12c43e56f97c4953a8a57cbbc344f175211c/La-ciudad-de-Madrid-da-la-bienvenida-al-presidente-de-los-EE.UU-Eisenhower-Recovered.jpg" data-mid="135545302" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e28baf6d7c7963be7761e6e3ed4e12c43e56f97c4953a8a57cbbc344f175211c/La-ciudad-de-Madrid-da-la-bienvenida-al-presidente-de-los-EE.UU-Eisenhower-Recovered.jpg" /> Un retrato del Presidente Eisenhower en la abarrotada Gran Vía de Madrid durante el desfile de bienvenida dado en su honor por el régimen franquista. 21 de diciembre de 1959. A portrait of Eisenhower on the crowded streets of Madrid during the Regime's parade celebrating the President's visit. December 21, 1959. Madrid, 26 de septiembre de 1953 ( Madrid. September 22, 1953 ) Palacio de Santa Cruz. James Clement Dunn, embajador de Estados Unidos; Alberto Martín-Artajo, ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, y Manuel Arburúa, ministro de Comercio, estampan su firma en una serie de documentos que zanjarán, tan solo dos meses después de la firma del armisticio en Corea y en plena emergencia de la guerra fría, la controvertida «cuestión española». Pero los documentos no cuentan la historia, sirven a su escritura. Así, los Pactos de Madrid culminarán la labor propagandística cuya misión ha sido desplazar la mirada de las derechas occidentales hacia una nueva y más alineada percepción. En adelante, y superpuesto a las antiguas afinidades, un viejo rostro, el del anticomunismo, pero más en sintonía con los tiempos, mirará hacia el enemigo común, la amenaza soviética. Un nuevo perfil diplomático, el liberal-cristiano, deberá reemplazar al anquilosado falangismo. Cómplice, pero menos connotado, su misión será distraer de la «particularidad española» o, al menos, hacerla presentable. La dictadura conseguirá lo que, desde la derrota del Eje en 1945, había perseguido: su supervivencia a largo plazo, garantizada en su legitimación internacional. Es sabido que la urgencia impone, y a la luz de este estado de las cosas la excepción será la regla. La puerta al Mediterráneo, afianzada y bendecida. La democracia, suspendida para defender la democracia. (...) Palacio de Santa Cruz. James Clement Dunn, United States ambassador; Alberto Martín-Artajo, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Manuel Arburúa, Minister of Trade, sign a series of documents that will resolve, only two months since the armistice was signed in Korea and at the height of the Cold War, the controversial “Spanish question”. But the documents do not tell the story, they act as deeds. This was how the Pact of Madrid was to bring the propaganda work to an end, whose mission had been to turn the gaze of the western right-wing towards a new, more aligned perception. From here on, and superimposed on former sympathies, an old face, the anti-Communist one but more in tune with the times, will look towards the common enemy, the Soviet threat. A new diplomatic profile, the Liberal-Christian, should replace the out-dated Falangist one. An accomplice, but less noticeable, its mission will distract from the “Spanish particularity” or at least make it more presentable. The dictatorship will achieve what, since the defeat of the Axis in 1945, it had pursued: its long-term survival, guaranteed with international legitimation. It is understood this is urgent and in view of this state of affairs the exception will be the rule. The door to the Mediterranean secured and blessed. Democracy suspended to defend democracy. (...) <img width="1181" height="834" width_o="1181" height_o="834" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/52f5ae37a17c4161dc72b2d749052033bcc2036bd0688403533a2cd79037de02/El-embajador-de-los-Estados-Unidos--John-Davis-Lodge-en-el-monasterio-de-Santa-Maria-de-la-Rabida-con-algunas-autoridades-locales-civiles--militares-y-eclesiasticas.-Recovered.jpg" data-mid="135545292" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/52f5ae37a17c4161dc72b2d749052033bcc2036bd0688403533a2cd79037de02/El-embajador-de-los-Estados-Unidos--John-Davis-Lodge-en-el-monasterio-de-Santa-Maria-de-la-Rabida-con-algunas-autoridades-locales-civiles--militares-y-eclesiasticas.-Recovered.jpg" /> El viejo monasterio de Santa María de la Rábida, en la ciudad española de Huelva, recibió a un visitante procedente de América el 4 de agosto de 1955, justo 463 años después de otra mañana de agosto en que vio cómo otro visitante partía para descubrir dicho continente. Colón zarpó del puerto de esta ciudad, conocido como Palos, en su primer viaje. El americano mencionado era John Davis Lodge, el embajador de Estados Unidos, que obsequió al monasterio con una bandera estadounidense y una caja con tierra de Mount Vernon, donde nació el primer presidente de Estados Unidos. En este grupo, de izquierda a derecha, aparecen el secretario de la Real Sociedad Colombina; fra Arturo; el embajador Lodge; Frank Howell, director de Trans World Airlines, y el alcalde de Huelva.&nbsp; The old monastery of Santa María de la Rábida, in Huelva, Spain, received a visit from America on August 4, 1955, exactly 463 years after on another August morning it saw a different visitor leave to discover America. Colombus set sail from this town’s port, known as Palos, on his very first voyage. Today’s American is John Davis Lodge, U.S. Ambassador, who gave the monastery an American flag and a box containing earth from Mount Vernon where the first President of the United States was born. In this group, from left to right, are the Secretary of the Real Sociedad Colombina, Father Arturo, Ambassador Lodge, Frank Howell, Director of Trans-World Airlines and the mayor of Huelva. <img width="1115" height="1575" width_o="1115" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b6ed44233ce9e38998f2d6e3da68ead54da9067cf71c784bc50ee477f8058482/Rescate-de-los-restos-del-avion-de-combate-estrellado-en-Palomares--Espana-03-Recovered.jpg" data-mid="135545296" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b6ed44233ce9e38998f2d6e3da68ead54da9067cf71c784bc50ee477f8058482/Rescate-de-los-restos-del-avion-de-combate-estrellado-en-Palomares--Espana-03-Recovered.jpg" /> Poco antes de ser condecorados en reconocimiento a la labor prestada, oficiales estadounidenses y españoles posan junto a la bomba atómica recuperada en las cercanías de Palomares en 1966. Spanish and American officers before the official ceremony to award military medals in recognition of involvement in the rescue work of the Palomares atomic bomb in 1966. <img width="1115" height="1575" width_o="1115" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7dfca1dee019737c90aec2879577ea439f6bb7cb32769685ddf3e894233c4007/_DSF8842.jpg" data-mid="135545309" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7dfca1dee019737c90aec2879577ea439f6bb7cb32769685ddf3e894233c4007/_DSF8842.jpg" /> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Another of the shows that Genaro liked to witness, raging internally, was that of the Tetuán urchins who came to “Corea”, alone or in gangs, boys of the worst age, that thought combing a toupee and putting on a second hand jacket disguised their broken soles and empty stomachs, evidenced nevertheless by their shabbiness and the look on their faces. Sometimes Genaro felt great pity for them. Other times he was indignant. They foolishly followed the Americans around, hands outstretched, making up sick mothers and parents killed in an accident or unemployed. But they were dangerous, taking advantage of the slightest carelessness to take off with valuables, and have the guilt fall on the porters. It was not the first time that a carrier boy lost his position because of these youngsters with the gift of the gab, as it had happened to the simpleton Pancracio not more than a week ago. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;On the other hand, the Americans found the cripples and the truly needy rather disgusting. They averted their eyes on the way to their car. In the plaintive tone of a pilgrim, some cripples loitered at around the warehouse imploring charity. But the Americans hastened.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;—Once and for all, this is not a neighbourhood for begging!&nbsp; —Genaro told them—. This is a neighborhood for swindling. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;And it was true. It was not hard for the Americans to let go of a dollar or a few cents if it was for a charlatan; for a fraudster with bow tie and beard who approached them in confidence calming to have just come out of prison for his political ideas; for a rascal who drew horrendous portraits or made a mangy bear dance for them. But they fled from the scrofulous, from the paralysed or the mutilated. Castillo-Puche, José Luis (1963) Paralelo 40. Barcelona: Destino. <img width="1181" height="834" width_o="1181" height_o="834" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/57e849c883260dcff9ce458a13bb68c11092b96df869992f7227bbc8e90c07cb/El-director-general-del-Banco-de-Bilbao-Don-Faustino-Garcia-Monco--firmando-un-acuerdo-de-prestamo-con-el-Export-Import-Bank-de-Washington-01.jpg" data-mid="135545294" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/57e849c883260dcff9ce458a13bb68c11092b96df869992f7227bbc8e90c07cb/El-director-general-del-Banco-de-Bilbao-Don-Faustino-Garcia-Monco--firmando-un-acuerdo-de-prestamo-con-el-Export-Import-Bank-de-Washington-01.jpg" /> El 28 de septiembre de 1964, Faustino García-Moncó, director general del Banco de Bilbao y fututo ministro de Comercio, firmó un acuerdo de préstamo con el Export-Import Bank de Washington por valor de 2.500.000 dólares. El importe se utilizaría para ayudar a empresas españolas a adquirir equipos y maquinaria en Estados Unidos y contribuir a la expansión industrial y el desarrollo económico de España. On September 28, 1964, Faustino García-Moncó, Director General of the Banco de Bilbao, signed a loan agreement with the Washington Export-Import Bank, for the sum of 2,500,000 dollars. The money would be used to help Spanish firms buy equipment and machinery from the United States and to help industrial growth and economic development in Spain. <img width="1373" height="1575" width_o="1373" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dd6bf8c6c9f571f9094af8bab0280cc9baaa9da6c0e5158181224a84703e628c/Actos-oficiales-en-la-base-naval-de-Rota-Cadiz-en-1959.jpg" data-mid="135545298" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/dd6bf8c6c9f571f9094af8bab0280cc9baaa9da6c0e5158181224a84703e628c/Actos-oficiales-en-la-base-naval-de-Rota-Cadiz-en-1959.jpg" /> Un escuadrón de patrulla marítima rinde homenaje a Colón. El comandante de la Marina estadounidense William T. Rapp, de Irvington (Nueva Jersey), jefe del Escuadrón de Patrulla 10, posa con la corona que su avión P2V Neptune dejó caer al canal desde donde los tres barcos de Cristobal Colón zarparon en 1492 para descubrir el Nuevo Mundo. La inscripción dice: «En honor de Cristobal Colón y los valientes marineros españoles que tal día como hoy del año 1492 cambiaron el curso de la historia». 13 de octubre de 1959. A Navy Patrol Squadron pays homage to Columbus. Commander William T. Rapp, USN, of Irvington, New Jersey, commanding officer of Navy Patrol Squadron Ten poses with the wreath that his P2V Neptune patrol bomber dropped in the straits from where Christopher Columbus’ three vessels set sail in 1492 to discover the New World. October 13, 1959. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7846e375fcd61d21c79ca66145156af64532ce46d121ae47367b632025359edc/AndresCuello.jpg" data-mid="135545336" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7846e375fcd61d21c79ca66145156af64532ce46d121ae47367b632025359edc/AndresCuello.jpg" /> El jefe de la base hispano-estadounidense pasa revista mientras lleva cogido de la mano a un niño de Zaragoza, enfermo de leucemia, al que habían nombrado jefe de la base por un día. Los miembros de las fuerzas aéreas regalaron al niño un uniforme de oficial estadounidense y le dieron medicinas para su tratamiento. Poco después el niño, Andrés Cuello, falleció. The head of the American-Spanish base reviews the troops while holding the hand of a child from Zaragoza suffering from leukaemia, who has been nominated head of the base for a day. Members of the Air Force gave the child an American officer's uniform as well as medicine for his treatment. Shortly after the boy, Andrés Cuello, died. <img width="1115" height="1575" width_o="1115" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5f754c3465e8e4b11169b7d60410f784780ee0aeb1b22ed5a791e0d5e31e4ff2/_DSF8845.jpg" data-mid="135545311" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5f754c3465e8e4b11169b7d60410f784780ee0aeb1b22ed5a791e0d5e31e4ff2/_DSF8845.jpg" /> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;He began to feel calm and even climbed one of the tall stools. At his side he had tough, tall men like cod boats; others were thin, flute-like boys; some sporting crew cuts, others wore bangs. A small group of Spaniards lingered. Of course, these Spaniards worried Genaro more than the Americans, no matter their size. The Americans were peaceful and trusting, easy enough to deceive. But those Spaniards, half-blackguards, half-gentlemen, who entered as if they were dukes and asked for a whiskey like anything, made Genaro sick to his stomach. More often than not they were living on the powdered milk that the Americans sent, Samaritans of the Bible-and-permanganate Spain, of the fake penicillin and of the condoms-that-brake Spain, the “caguta” Spain, as read in the toilet. They might have sought to get polio from the Americans in that closeness. Because that’s what the brave Spanish people apparently needed crutches and loose muscles.Castillo-Puche, José Luis (1963) Paralelo 40. Barcelona: Destino. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/84b83d6c2e32a704f76acd6b6b0bf2c9523a8afa3e10d6b88dccdc3ea08872c5/_MG_4088.jpg" data-mid="135545335" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/84b83d6c2e32a704f76acd6b6b0bf2c9523a8afa3e10d6b88dccdc3ea08872c5/_MG_4088.jpg" /> Mausoleo de la familia March en el cementerio municipal. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Palma de Mallorca. Joan March, banquero y contrabandista perseguido y encarcelado por sus actividades económicas irregulares, fue uno de los principales y más activos financiadores del golpe de estado de 1936. Durante la dictadura, y bajo su protección, cerraría grandes operaciones financieras y sería conocido popularmente como «el banquero de Franco». Mausoleum of the March family in the municipal cemetery. Vicinity of "Corea". Palma de Mallorca. Juan March, banker and smuggler persecuted and imprisoned in 1932 for his irregular economic activities, was one of the main and more active financiers of the coup d'etat of 1936. During the dictatorship, and under its wing, he closed massive financial deals and was commonly known as "Franco's banker". <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c7bbb812c6852dc18715c4e263564e49f733d4d4877769e99ea23c970246b406/GARRIDO_10.jpg" data-mid="135545281" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c7bbb812c6852dc18715c4e263564e49f733d4d4877769e99ea23c970246b406/GARRIDO_10.jpg" /> Pequeño altar a Ceferino Giménez Malla, «el Pelé», que fue condenado a muerte por interceder en el linchamiento de un sacerdote en 1936. Renunció a desprenderse del rosario que llevaba cuando fue detenido, lo que impidió su indulto. Fue fusilado en Barbastro y murió gritando «¡Viva Cristo Rey!». En 1997 fue el primer gitano beatificado por la Iglesia católica. Parroquia de la Inmaculada. Barrio de La Inmaculada, «Corea». León. A small altar dedicated to Ceferino "el Pelé" Giménez Malla, who was condemned to death for interceding in the lynching of a priest in 1936. He refused to let go of the rosary he was holding when arrested, and this prevented his pardon. He was shot in Barbastro and died shouting “Long live Christ the King” (¡Viva Cristo Rey!). In 1997 he became the first gypsy to be beatified by the Catholic Church. La Inmaculada Parish, “Corea”. León. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/189a864ac1ae0b035f9767b81f0acaaf0c82c699698cfadde19ab895866d1f95/_DSF0549.jpg" data-mid="135545327" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/189a864ac1ae0b035f9767b81f0acaaf0c82c699698cfadde19ab895866d1f95/_DSF0549.jpg" /> Dos viviendas unifamiliares en el grupo de viviendas de Francisco Franco, «Corea». Barrio de San Juanillo. Palencia. Two semi-detached single-family homes on the Francisco Franco estate, "Corea". San Juanillo neighbourhood. Palencia. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c9d333e5e247c62567992b1178119ea38cb47bd89841bc4cb82dc89a0028e7a7/GARRIDO_07b.jpg" data-mid="135545285" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c9d333e5e247c62567992b1178119ea38cb47bd89841bc4cb82dc89a0028e7a7/GARRIDO_07b.jpg" /> «Casa. Aquí mandamos nosotros.» Restos de juegos infantiles sobre los raíles del proyecto parado de adaptación del antiguo tendido del Feve (Ferrocarril Español de Vía Estrecha) para la circulación de tranvías. Barrio de Las Ventas. León. “Home. We’re in charge here.” Remains of a playground on the rails of a project never complete to adapt the old FEVE (Spanish Narrow Gauge Railway) coal line into a tram network. Las Ventas neighbourhood, León. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dc5a5967cf0aaa80829fd2104a086ddae4f740f741eb151673e0135901fcf92f/GARRIDO_08.jpg" data-mid="135545279" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/dc5a5967cf0aaa80829fd2104a086ddae4f740f741eb151673e0135901fcf92f/GARRIDO_08.jpg" /> Antigua fábrica de Mildred-Pauni, cerrada en 2007 por suspensión de pagos. Inmediaciones del barrio del Perpetuo Socorro, «Corea». Polígono industrial Monzú. Huesca. The old Mildred-Pauni factory, closed in 2007 after going into receivership. In the vicinity of the Perpetuo Socorro neighbourhood, “Corea”. Monzú industrial estate, Huesca. Huesca, 26 de julio de 2007&nbsp;( Huesca. July 26, 2007 ) (...) A las 8 de esta tarde han acudido alrededor de quinientas personas a la plaza de Navarra. La manifestación seguirá el mismo recorrido que la del pasado 1º de mayo, en la que ya fueron protagonistas las trabajadoras de Mildred. La pancarta de cabecera dice: «Huesca por Mildred. Ayuntamiento y Gobierno de Aragón: exigimos reindustrialización». La manifestación está convocada por el comité de empresa de Mildred-Pauni. Asisten las 398 trabajadoras afectadas por el cierre de la fábrica, en su mayoría migrantes de baja cualificación. (...) Mildred inició un procedimiento de suspensión de pagos en 1999, nueve años después de su apertura. Sin embargo, fue en marzo de 2007 cuando, tras la pérdida de su mayor cliente, Lidl, que adquiría el 90 % de su producción, inició su liquidación.&nbsp;Para entonces la empresa acumulaba una deuda de veinte millones de euros. Las ayudas públicas para el apoyo y fortalecimiento empresarial, que alcanzaron para esta empresa el millón de euros, no sirvieron para mejorar su posición. Entre las medidas adoptadas para paliar la situación de las trabajadoras, el Gobierno regional quiso destacar los cursos de formación profesional continua (auxiliar de oficina, iniciación a la informática, aplicaciones informáticas de contabilidad, Office, monitor de tiempo libre, carretillero, técnicas de almacenaje), y las sesiones informativas, entrevistas y tutorías personalizadas impartidas por el INAEM, los sindicatos UGT y CC.OO., y la Fundación San Ezequiel Moreno. «La prioridad será la recolocación de la plantilla al completo» (...) Al cierre de la pastelera se suman el cese de actividad en 2010 de Talleres Luna S.A., la última gran metalúrgica de Huesca, dedicada a la fabricación de equipos industriales, con 200 despidos tras un año de encierro en la fábrica; la planta de Moulinex de Barbastro, cuya deslocalización en 2004 supuso la pérdida de 271 empleos; la suspensión de actividad en noviembre de 2008 de Oscainox, especializada en la fabricación de mobiliario de acero, con un saldo de 64 empleados; el expediente de regulación de empleo de Ercros (Monzón), que redujo la plantilla de 125 a 32 trabajadores; el cierre en 2008 de APSAR (Apósitos Sanitarios Aragoneses), que puso a sus 21 empleadas en la calle; o el expediente de suspensión de empleo de Transportes Alonso, que afectó con 60 días sin empleo y sueldo a 77 de los 93 trabajadores en plantilla en 2009. Este no es el primer ciclo de desindustrialización que sufre la región. Se estima que entre 1980 y 1994 se perdieron alrededor de tres mil puestos de trabajo. (...) (...) At 8 o’clock this evening around five hundred people congregated in Plaza de Navarra. The demonstration will follow the same route as the one on May 1st this year, led by Mildred workers. The banner at its head read “Huesca with Mildred. City Council and government of Aragon: we demand reindustrialization”. The demonstration has been convened by the Mildred-Pauni business committee. The 398 workers affected by the factory closure are all there, most of them low-qualified immigrants. (...) Mildred began the process of bankruptcy in 1999, nine years after opening. However it was not until March 2007, after losing its biggest client, Lidl, which took 90% of its production, that it began liquidation.&nbsp;At that time the company had amassed a twenty million euro debt. State aid for business support came to a million euros for this company so did not improve their situation. Among the measures taken to ease the 398 workers’ situation, the regional Government pointed to continuing professional training courses and information sessions, interviews and personalised tutorials given by the INAEM&nbsp;1, the trade unions UGT and CC.OO., and the San Ezequiel Moreno Foundation. “Our priority is to relocate the entire staff”. (...) In addition to the closure of the pastry making factory, Talleres Luna S.A., the last great metallurgy business in Huesca, manufacturing industrial equipment, closed down in 2010 sacking 200 people after a year squatting in the factory; the Moulinex plant in Barbastro relocated in 2004 causing the loss of 271 jobs; the closure in 2008 of Oscainox that specialised in manufacturing steel furniture, with a loss of 64 jobs; the layoffs at Ercros (Monzón) that cut the staff from 125 to 32; the closure of APSAR (Aragon Sanitary Bandages) in 2008 leaving 21 employees jobless; or the suspension from work and pay in Transportes Alonso that affected 77 of the 93 employees for 60 days in 2009. This is not the first cycle of deindustrialisation that the region has suffered. It is estimated that between 1980 and 1994 around 3,000 jobs were lost. (...)1. Aragon Employment Office. <img width="1181" height="1575" width_o="1181" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6127ef8daa7cffadc462343233ee34026d9c4582b51cddc9d6b7419e3950816d/_DSF9174.jpg" data-mid="135545316" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6127ef8daa7cffadc462343233ee34026d9c4582b51cddc9d6b7419e3950816d/_DSF9174.jpg" /> Las trabajadoras de la Standard Eléctrica aplauden mientras el dictador inaugura la fábrica. Archivo de la Asociación de Vecinos «El Tajo». Toledo, 1971. Workers from the Standard Eléctrica clap during the inauguration of the factory by General Franco. Archive of the Neighbours Association "El Tajo". Toledo, 1971. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c293225e732ef7b76b61581d271bfdbabca08f641b711a507dab3de1b4581598/DSCF9995.jpg" data-mid="135545319" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c293225e732ef7b76b61581d271bfdbabca08f641b711a507dab3de1b4581598/DSCF9995.jpg" /> Anuncio colocado cerca del Hospital Virgen de la Salud. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Barrio de Palomarejos. Toledo. Advertisement located near the Hospital Virgen de la Salud. In the vicinity of “Corea”. Palomarejos neighbourhood. Toledo. "45-year-old woman, responsible and serious, available to take care of people in the hospital at night" <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0fb38f3e4f25bb6d6eed81bbae9133134899cd13b797f41a78f7409d833fbbf1/GARRIDO_08b.jpg" data-mid="135545286" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0fb38f3e4f25bb6d6eed81bbae9133134899cd13b797f41a78f7409d833fbbf1/GARRIDO_08b.jpg" /> Tienda de ultramarinos Celso. En el único comercio de la barriada fue común, durante los años que sucedieron a la construcción de las casas, la compra al fiado. El establecimiento era el lugar en el que los vecinos del barrio podían abastecerse incluso cuando no podían hacerlo en ningún otro sitio. Grupo de viviendas Pardo de Santayana (gobernador civil en 1953), «Corea». Barrio de Labañou. La Coruña. Celso grocery shop. In the only shop open in the neighbourhood after the dwellings had been built, purchases were often made on credit. This establishment was the place where the residents wereable to get their provisions even when they were not able to do so anywhere else. Pardo de Santayana (Civil Governor in 1953) housing estate, “Corea”, Labañou neighbourhood, La Coruña. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/66c7c71fdd0a453df150d6f0b583f004f8142ad86c3f6bdb741ee3cce8e7afbd/GARRIDO_09.jpg" data-mid="135545280" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/66c7c71fdd0a453df150d6f0b583f004f8142ad86c3f6bdb741ee3cce8e7afbd/GARRIDO_09.jpg" /> Patio trasero de una vivienda lindando con la antigua carretera de Asturias. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Barriada de Cantamilanos. León. Rear patio of a home adjoining the old road to Asturias. In the vicinity of “Corea”, Cantamilanos neighbourhood, León. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1284fc86af75d0219c0f2ca04c12c4d53e654bfe8b9a4e24e46023c51677f087/_MG_4676.jpg" data-mid="135545322" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1284fc86af75d0219c0f2ca04c12c4d53e654bfe8b9a4e24e46023c51677f087/_MG_4676.jpg" /> Corral autoconstruido y adosado al bloque. Un ejemplo común de construcción informal en la zona que, sin embargo, fue obviado por el plan de rehabilitación proyectado para la barriada. Grupo de viviendas Generalísimo Franco, «Corea». Barrio del Camp Redó. Palma de Mallorca. DIY pen adjoining the block. A common example of informal construction in the area which, however, was overlooked by the rehabilitation plan. Generalísimo Franco housing estate, "Corea". Camp Redó neighbourhoob. Palma de Mallorca. Palma de Mallorca, 2 de enero de 2012&nbsp;( Palma de Mallorca. January 2, 2012 ) Esta mañana se ha puesto en marcha el derribo del Bloque XIII, el segundo bloque en ser demolido en el grupo de viviendas del Generalísimo Franco, «Corea». La demolición tardará en completarse tres días. Parte de los escombros serán utilizados para rellenar la explanada, que acabará como un solar polvoriento o, en palabras del arquitecto encargado de la obra, como un «espacio abierto disponible para el uso de los residentes». Finalmente no se construirá, como estaba previsto para esta parcela en el plan de rehabilitación impulsado por el anterior equipo municipal, el aparcamiento subterráneo. Tampoco el centro de día ni las viviendas para ancianos, el casal de infancia y juventud o los apartamentos para jóvenes. Esta vez el viejo bloque no será reemplazado por uno nuevo como sucedió con el XII. El cambio de ejecutivo en las últimas elecciones municipales de 2011 ha traído consigo un cambio en la política de urbanismo. (...) En palabras del nuevo alcalde, Mateu Isern, el proyecto de rehabilitación estaba «condenado irreversiblemente al fracaso por estar estructurado como un gueto». (...) La barriada de «Corea» cuenta con 568 viviendas de las cuales 20, oficialmente en desuso, son propiedad del consistorio; se estima que diferentes entidades bancarias acumulan 13 pisos vacíos, producto de desahucios, que no figuran en sus catálogos de oferta de vivienda; pueden, además, encontrarse múltiples pisos vacíos en manos de particulares, en su mayoría recibidos como herencia, consecuencia del «modelo Arrese» de promoción de vivienda social recalificable, en el que la propiedad pasaba de la autoridad estatal competente al inquilino beneficiario. La situación de abandono de los pisos, sumada a la negativa de ofrecerlos en alquiler social, ha favorecido situaciones de subarriendo informal, previa ocupación, de los apartamentos. Situaciones que han llevado a casos de coacción cuando los inquilinos, en su mayoría personas migrantes, dejan de pagar al descubrir a los falsos propietarios. La actividad laboral de estas personas suele ser también informal (recogida de chatarra, venta ambulante, narcomenudeo), en el mejor de los casos, producto del autoempleo. El valor en el mercado informal de un piso insalubre de 50 m2, en un entorno social y arquitectónicamente degradado, es de 250 euros mensuales. This morning the demolition of Bloque XIII has begun, the second block to be knocked down in the Generalísimo Franco housing estate, “Corea”. It will take three whole days. Some of the rubble will be used to fill in the esplanade, which will end up as a dusty plot, or, in the words of the architect in charge, as “an open space for residents’ use”. In the end they are not going to build an underground car park, as destined for this piece of land in the previous municipal council’s rehabilitation plan. Nor the day centre, nor the old people’s homes, the youth club or the flats for young people. This time the old block will not be replaced by a new one as happened with number XII. The change of government in the last municipal elections in 2011 brought a change in urban policy. (...) In the words of the new Mayor, Mateu Isern, the rehabilitation project is “doomed irreversibly to fail as it is structured like a ghetto”. (...) The Generalísimo Franco estate, the “Corea” neighbourhood, has 568 homes of which 20, officially unused, belong to the city council; it is estimated that various banks between them have 13 empty flats, the result of evictions, that do not appear in their listings of homes for sale; you may also find a lot of empty flats privately owned, mostly inherited, a consequence of the “Arrese model” promoting social housing with a new category, in which the property passed from the relevant state authority to the benefitting tenant. The situation of abandoning flats, together with the refusal to make them available as social housing, has led to unofficial sub-letting of the apartments. Situations like this have led to cases of coercion when the tenants, mostly immigrants, stop paying when they discover they are not the real owners. The work situation of these people tends to be unofficial (collecting scrap, street vending, small-scale drug dealing) at best, the product of self-employment. The value of a sordid 50 m2 flat on the unofficial market, in a run-down environment socially and architecturally, is 250 euros per month. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b842bc24da81e678d9ed5d30e1faca71b1ab541e6df90a7d4701f6600c2694aa/DSCF9244.jpg" data-mid="135545337" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b842bc24da81e678d9ed5d30e1faca71b1ab541e6df90a7d4701f6600c2694aa/DSCF9244.jpg" /> Pocos años después de su cancelación (en 2012), la maqueta del proyecto de rehabilitación de las viviendas del Generalísimo Franco, «Corea», en las oficinas del Consorci Riba, empresa pública encargada de su gestión. Barrio del Camp Redó. Palma de Mallorca. A few years after its cancellation (in 2012), the model of the rehabilitation plan for the Generalísimo Franco housing estate, "Corea", in the offices of Consorci Riba, a state-owned company in charge of its management. Camp Redó neighbourhood. Palma de Mallorca. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c7b813fc5fdea5c989d166003462bd9d87e057368a6310ba4316684714a582af/GARRIDO_02.jpg" data-mid="135545273" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c7b813fc5fdea5c989d166003462bd9d87e057368a6310ba4316684714a582af/GARRIDO_02.jpg" /> Bloques sobre los que se proyectó el plan de rehabilitación, finalmente abandonado, en el grupo de viviendas Generalísimo Franco, «Corea». Al fondo, el Bloque XII, el único de los veintiséis que llegó a ser reformado. Barrio del Camp Redó. Palma de Mallorca. A rehabilitation plan drawn up for these blocks in the Generalísimo Franco estate, “Corea”, was finally dropped. In the background, Bloque XII, the only block out of twenty-six that was ever renovated. Camp Redó neighbourhood, Palma de Mallorca. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/68f571ee98aa6174dadb9d493ebc1c10d7825d3f2e83171bde3b556592acd7eb/_DSF0297.jpg" data-mid="135545323" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/68f571ee98aa6174dadb9d493ebc1c10d7825d3f2e83171bde3b556592acd7eb/_DSF0297.jpg" /> Una cooperativa de vivienda obrera. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Barrio de San Juanillo. Palencia. A workers' housing cooperative. In the vicinity of "Corea". San Juanillo neighbourhood. Palencia. <img width="1181" height="1575" width_o="1181" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e74d37dbf7f3fdff457b929a2af8129c967ad3be4ab01be29f345a5ae71be3d5/_DSF9167.jpg" data-mid="135545314" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e74d37dbf7f3fdff457b929a2af8129c967ad3be4ab01be29f345a5ae71be3d5/_DSF9167.jpg" /> Vista de una calle en el barrio del Parpetuo Socorro, Huesca. Publicado por la Asociación de Vecinos en el Manifiesto por el desarrollo del barrio en marzo de 1979. A street of the Perpetuo Socorro neighbourhood, Huesca. Published on the Neighbours Association manifesto for the improvement of the area in March 1979. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a8925951ca74cd35735607fd903dcbc63357048ab3ed475e87aca3c841a74c31/_DSF3458.jpg" data-mid="135545324" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a8925951ca74cd35735607fd903dcbc63357048ab3ed475e87aca3c841a74c31/_DSF3458.jpg" /> Detalle de una tapia. Grupo Pardo de Santayana (Gobernador Civil en 1953), «Corea». Barrio de Labañou. La Coruña. Detail of a wall. Pardo de Santayana (Civil Governor in 1953) housing estate, "Corea". Labañou neighbourhood. La Coruña. La Coruña, 4 de abril de 1953( La Coruña. April 4, 1953 ) José Manuel Pardo de Santayana, gobernador civil y ferviente falangista antiliberal, llega a la barriada acompañado por el camarada Tomás Romojaro, vicesecretario general del Movimiento, que ha venido desde Madrid para participar en el evento. Una banda de gaiteros marca la entrada de la Sección Femenina, del Frente de Juventudes y Sindicatos, de autoridades civiles y militares, del alcalde Alfonso Molina y del arquitecto Juan González Cebrián. El Padre Gil administrará el bautismo, la primera comunión y el matrimonio a una pareja que llevaba años haciendo vida marital sin la bendición de la Iglesia. Por sus servicios espirituales, una plaza llevará su nombre. Los vecinos alzan una pancarta: «Gracias, señor gobernador, por darnos unas viviendas sanas». El gobernador contesta con palabras de Franco: «Un hogar digno para cada español». Acepta el honor de dar su nombre al grupo de ochenta viviendas. Exaltado, promete apadrinar al primer niño que nazca en el nuevo poblado. Será una niña. La construcción se ha financiado con la venta de un excedente acumulado de aceite y azúcar, artículos racionados. Cada despensa ha sido bien provista. Ochenta familias han dejado de vivir en cobertizos con los animales, como los animales. José Manuel Pardo de Santayana, Civil Governor and fervent anti-liberal Falangist, arrives in the neighbourhood accompanied by comrade Tomás Romojaro, general deputy secretary of the Movimiento&nbsp;1, who has come from Madrid to take part in the event. A band of bag-pipers played as the Sección Femenina&nbsp;2 entered along with the Frente de Juventudes y Sindicatos&nbsp;3, civil and military authorities, the Mayor Alfonso Molina and the architect Juan González Cebrián. Padre Gil would administer the Baptism, the First Communion and marriage of a couple who had been living as man and wife for years without the Church’s blessing. A square would be given his name to record his spiritual services. The neighbours held up a sign saying: “Thank you, Governor, for giving us wholesome homes”. The Governor answered with Franco’s words: “A decent home for every Spaniard”. He accepts the honour of his name being given to the group of eighty homes. Elated, he promises to sponsor the first child to be born in the new neighbourhood. It will be a girl. The construction has been financed by the sales of an accumulated excess of oil and sugar, rationed goods. Every larder has been well supplied. Eighty families are no longer living in sheds with the animals and like the animals. 1. The Falangist Movement. 2.&nbsp;Female Section. 3.&nbsp;Youth and Syndicalist Front. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/03bea754ef3112f9d4103fa7f9c1d7a8b09d385821c4869eaf90b2d7e0e832c8/GARRIDO_11.jpg" data-mid="135545282" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/03bea754ef3112f9d4103fa7f9c1d7a8b09d385821c4869eaf90b2d7e0e832c8/GARRIDO_11.jpg" /> El ensanche de Los Rosales, desarrollo urbano de la década de 1990, visto desde el grupo Pardo de Santayana (gobernador civil en 1953), «Corea». Barrio de Labañou. La Coruña. Los Rosales expansion district, an urban development from the nineties, seen from the Pardo de Santayana (Civil Governor in 1953) housing estate, “Corea”. Labañou neighbourhood, La Coruña. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ee7d6157054cd6bcf4c98390cb01ce695ff685a16c463eaa14e7f7dd01a3feac/GARRIDO_12.jpg" data-mid="135545283" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ee7d6157054cd6bcf4c98390cb01ce695ff685a16c463eaa14e7f7dd01a3feac/GARRIDO_12.jpg" /> Comedor social en la parroquia del Perpetuo Socorro. Grupo Pardo de Santayana, «Corea». Barrio de Labañou. La Coruña. Soup kitchen in the Perpetuo Socorro parish. Pardo de Santayana estate, “Corea”. Labañou neighbourhood, La Coruña. La Coruña, 3 de septiembre de 2014( La Coruña. September 3, 2014 ) «Una joya arquitectónica para excluidos»: así describe el periódico nacional ABC la nueva sede de la Institución Benéfico-Social Padre Rubinos. A su inauguración acuden, entre otros, el presidente de la Xunta Gallega, Alberto Núñez Feijóo, el alcalde de La Coruña, Carlos Negreira Soto, y Flora Pérez, vicepresidenta de la Fundación Amancio Ortega y esposa del empresario. Elsa Urquijo, arquitecta habitual del Grupo Inditex, firma el proyecto. Se hace hincapié en los 25 millones de euros de presupuesto y en el especial cuidado por hacer de este un edificio ecosostenible. Más cifras: 16.000 m2 de superficie; capacidad para «llenar 330 estómagos» al día; para hospitalizar a 150 ancianos; para acoger a otros 40 en el centro de día; para 95 niños en la guardería; 70 camas para estancias cortas y 40 más para reinserción de transeúntes. No es la primera muestra de caridad corporativa que da la institución. (...) «Una bendición del cielo» declara Eduardo Aceña, presidente de la institución del Padre Rubinos; «Un hecho histórico en momentos de recesión económica», dice Feijóo; «Un sueño hecho realidad», proclama el alcalde, «gracias a la generosidad de un hombre y a su fundación». A escasos trescientos metros, junto al mar y lindando con un enorme solar, queda la antigua sede del Padre Rubinos, «El Refugio». El suelo sobre el que se levanta, 6.000 m2, será cedido por la institución. Sobre él se proyecta el desarrollo residencial As Percebeiras, un complejo de viviendas cuya construcción se ha ido posponiendo por las tensiones entre los promotores, la administración local y los vecinos del barrio de Labañou. El proyecto ha sido rechazado en dos ocasiones: la primera vez, cuando se propuso la construcción de dos torres que superaban en altura a la Torre de Hércules, se argumentaron cuestiones estéticas y medioambientales; la segunda vino tras la aprobación del nuevo Plan General de Ordenación Municipal encargado al arquitecto y urbanista catalán Joan Busquets i Grau, que obligaba a la promotora a restringir las alturas, aumentar los espacios verdes y cumplir con una cuota de vivienda protegida. La promotora dejó el proyecto en suspenso. Por el momento, el «solar de Zara», como lo llaman los vecinos de Labañou, continuará a la espera y el viejo refugio seguirá sirviendo como depósito de ropa usada para la beneficencia. “An architectural gem for down and outs”: this is how the national newspaper ABC described the new headquarters of the Institución Benéfico-Social Padre Rubinos (the Padre Rubinos Social Welfare Institute) in Los Rosales. Among those attending its inauguration were the President of the Xunta Gallega, Alberto Núñez Feijóo, the Mayor of La Coruña, Carlos Negreira Soto and Flora Pérez, Vice-President of the Amancio Ortega Foundation and wife of the eponymous businessman. Elsa Urquijo, favoured architect of the Inditex Group, had designed the building. The 25 million euro budget was given a special mention, as was the special care taken to make it a sustainable building. More figures: measuring 16,000 m2 ; enough space to “fill 330 stomachs” a day; to hospitalise 150 old people; to take in another 40 in the day-centre; for 95 children in the nursery; 70 beds for short-stays and 40 more for reintegration of the homeless. (...) “A blessing from heaven” according to Eduardo Aceña, President of the Padre Rubinos Institute; “A historic achievement at a time of economic recession” said Feijóo; “A dream come true”, proclaimed the Mayor, “thanks to the generosity of one man and his foundation”. Barely three hundred metres away, by the sea and adjoining a huge plot of land, is the old Padre Rubinos building, “El Refugio” (The Shelter). The 6,000 m2 of terrain where it was built will be handed over by the Institute. A residential development, As Percebeiras, is planned for it: the building of this housing complex keeps being postponed because of the disagreements between the developers, the local administration and the neighbourhood residents. The project has been rejected twice: the first time, when it proposed building two towers which were to be higher than the Torre de Hércules, on the grounds of aesthetic and environmental issues; the second came after approval of the new General Plan of Municipal Ordinance handled by Catalan architect and urban planner Joan Busquets i Grau, that obliged the developer to limit the height, expand the green areas and fulfil the quota of social housing. The developer left the project on hold. For the moment, the “Zara plot” as the Labañou residents call it, will carry on waiting and the old shelter will continue to be used to store second-hand clothing for charities. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/440c844832be2858facdb16b78314992153b96b96b0423fecdf5a1bf628e5e09/_DSF1469.jpg" data-mid="135545340" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/440c844832be2858facdb16b78314992153b96b96b0423fecdf5a1bf628e5e09/_DSF1469.jpg" /> Paellera para comidas populares en el local de una de las asociaciones de vecinos en el barrio de La Inmaculada, «Corea». León. Paella pan for community meals in the premises of one of the residents' associations in La Inmaculada neighbourhood, "Corea", León. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d7a8f75a5121de675509d7d0354a292c87fe8b21f38a283ce535aae7324a9cb9/DSCF9213.jpg" data-mid="135545341" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d7a8f75a5121de675509d7d0354a292c87fe8b21f38a283ce535aae7324a9cb9/DSCF9213.jpg" /> Dispensario de fármacos en la cocina de Can Gaza, institución autogestionada por hombres toxicómanos contra la exclusión social cuyo lema es: «La dignidad del pobre exige que cuando se siente a la mesa pueda decir: ‘Este plato de potaje no me lo han regalado, me lo he ganado’». Su fundador, Jaume Santandreu, quien ha pasado toda su vida organizando el movimiento marginal en la isla, opone el trabajo obrero a la beneficencia. En Can Gazà, todo el trabajo, ya sea agrícola, ganadero, doméstico u organizativo, es realizado por quienes allí viven. Inmediaciones de «Corea». Palma de Mallorca. Medicine cabinet in the kitchen at Can Gazà, an organisation against exclusion, self-managed by drug addicts. Its motto is: "A poor person's dignity demands that when they sit down to eat they can say: 'This dish of soup was not a gift, I earned it' ". Its founder Jaume Santandreu, who was spent his whole life organising this alternative movement in the island, is against charitable labour. In Can Gazà all the work, whether it be agricultural, farming, domestic or organisational, is done by the people who live there. In the vicinity of "Corea". Palma de Mallorca. <img width="1575" height="1181" width_o="1575" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1995b7777d7e68a5d10892cf7802631c0dd61ee11fc443cc4f3d2a7b66d83bd3/GARRIDO_13.jpg" data-mid="135545284" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1995b7777d7e68a5d10892cf7802631c0dd61ee11fc443cc4f3d2a7b66d83bd3/GARRIDO_13.jpg" /> Un hombre cruza el cerro al caer la tarde. Barriada de San Mamés. Inmediaciones de «Corea». León. A man walks across the hill at dusk. View of the San Mamés neighbourhood. In the vicinity of “Corea”, León. ︎THIS MACHINE KILLS FASCISM